Aquaculture is an increasingly diverse industry with an ever-growing number of species cultured and production systems available to professionals. A basic understanding of production systems is vital to the successful practice of aquaculture. Published with the World Aquaculture Society, Aquaculture Production Systems captures the huge diversity of production systems used in the production of shellfish and finfish in one concise volume that allows the reader to better understand how aquaculture depends upon and interacts with its environment. The systems examined range from low input methods to super-intensive systems. Divided into five sections that each focus on a distinct family of systems, Aquaculture Production Systems serves as an excellent text to those just being introduced to aquaculture as well as being a valuable reference to well-established professionals seeking information on production methods.

4 Water Sources ........................................ 149 Criteria ............................................. 149 Major types .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................ 152 5 Water Treatment ...................................... 155 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials ............................................ 155 Treatment options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 . . . . . . . . . . . System design ........................................ 169 System monitoring and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 . . . . . . . . Environmental considerations .............................. 174 Summary ............................................ 174 6 Culture Units ......................................... 175 Considerations in choosing culture units ...................... 175 Characteristics of culture units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 . . . . . . . . Applications of culture units .............................. 191 Hatchery design " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................ 210 7 Obtaining Fish for Stocking . ............................. 211 Stock from the wild .................................... 211 Stock from the hatchery ................................. 211 Spermatogenesis (sperm formation) ....................... 232 Oogenesis (egg formation) ............................. 232 Oocyte maturation ................................... 233 Endocrine control of oocyte maturation and ovulation .......... 237 fuduced ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 . . . . . . . . . . Timing and egg quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 . . . . . . . . . Artificial fertilization ................................. 265 Care of eggs ....................................... 267 Storage of gametes ................. ' .................. 269 Natural ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 . . . . . . . . . . Care of broodfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 . . . . . . . . . . Egg collection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 . . . . . . . . . . fuduced vs natural ovulation ............................ 290 Broodfish adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 . . . . . . . . . . Examples ............................................ 291 Genetic considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 . . . . . . . . . . Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 . . . . . . . . . . . . Sex control .......................................... 296 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi 8 Nutrition of Larval Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 . . . . . . . . . . Feeding criteria ....................................... 299 Choice and culture of foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 . . . . . . . . . General feeding practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 . . . . . . . . . . Specific feeding practices ................................ 352 General methods used in our hatchery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 . . . . . . . Industrial-scale larval food processing in Italian hatcheries ......... 373 Summary ............................................ 374 9 Nutrition of Juvenile and Adult Fish ...................... 375 ............................. 375 Requirements and components Broodstock nutrition .................................... 407 Nutritional disorders .................................... 408 Environmental considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 . . . . . . . . . Feed studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 . . . . . . . . . . . . Suggested feed formulas ................................. 460 Making and storing feeds ................................ 461 Feeding methods ...................................... 464 Summary ............................................ 467 10 Energetics ............................................ 469 Energy budget components and influencing factors . . . . . . . . . . . 469 . . . .

This book is the proceedings of a meeting held in Bangkok in December 1992 on the use of farm-made feeds in Asia. It contains eleven country reviews of the topic, for Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Nine technical papers are also included. Three are on-farm feed preparation and feeding strategies - for carps and tilapias, for catfish and snakehead, and for marine shrimp and prawns. Five other working papers are on economics, the selection of equipment, feed ingredients, formulation and on-farm management, and supplementary feeding in semi-intensive aquaculture, all directed at farm-made, rather than commercial feeds. The ninth working paper is a regional overview of aquafeeds in Asia. An analysis of the material in the eleven country papers is also presented.