Beiträge: Christian Jokinen, Germany’s Revolutionizing Strategies in 1914-1918 and the Secret Comrades-in-arms of the Finnish Jäger * Vesa Vares, The Kingdom That Never Was: Germany, Finland, and the Finnish Monarchist Project of 1918 * Detlev Pleiss, Finnish Soldiers Facing Fehrbellin: The Battle of Rathenow * Pirkko Koski, Hella Wuolijoki, Bertolt Brecht, and Multi-layered National Identity* Timo Airaksinen, Socrates Meets the Crocodile, or The Ironies of Brecht’s and Wuolijoki’s Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti * Klaus Reichel, Summer 1940 in Iitti: Hella Wuolijoki and Bertolt Brecht, *Judith Köbler*, Mirroring Society through the Constitutional Lens: Finland and Germany

The volume has two main issues. One focuses on Mikael Agricola and his contribution to reformation in Finland and the Finnish language. The corresponding articles are Heidi Salmi, German Influence on the Finnish in Mikael Agricola, Jyrki Knuutila, The Impact of the Reformation on Finland from the Perspective of Finnish Students at Wittenberg University (1531–1633), and Andreas Pawlas, Mikael Agricola and the Finnish Identity. Is Mikael Agricola the root for the special link between Finland and Germany when it comes to culture and language? Kirsti Siitonen and Katri Annika Wessel contribute a report on the teaching and research of Finnish language and culture in German universities. The first university to offer modules in Finnish was the University of Greifswald, where teaching began in 1921. The second focus is on voting. The article by J. Antonio Seijas-Macias, Power Index of Finnish Parties: Evolution of the Parliament System, resumes methods and results presented in Manfred J. Holler’s A Priori Party Party Power and Government Formation: Esimerkkinä Suomi published in Volume 1 of FGY-PE. Holler’s analysis ended in 1978 when his article was first published. Seijas-Macias’ article is accompanied by two studies of recent elections in Finland and Germany: Lasse Nurmi and Hannu Nurmi, From Center-Right to Center-Left: The 2019 Parliamentary Election in Finland, and Christoph Dörffel, Andreas Freytag, and Miriam Kautz, The 2019 State Election in Thuringia and the Populist Threat. There are ob-vious differences but also simularities. – Back to the beginning of this volume. Jussi Pajunen and Mikko Karjalainen’s article analyzes a rather dark chapter of Finnish-German cooperation, the Finnish volunteer battalion of the Waffen SS in 1941-1943.

This volume sets out with a discussion of the Dutch project of improving democracy and ends with a discussion of the Robot revolution. It contains contributions such as Peter Brouwer and Klaas Staal, The Future Viability of the Dutch Democracy; Hannu Nurmi, Remarks on “The Future Viability of the Dutch Democracy;” George Tsebelis and Jesse M. Crosson, Can the Dutch Electoral System be Improved Upon? Ryan Kendall, Decomposing Democracy: A Comment on “The Future Viability of the Dutch Democracy;” Peter Emerson, Can Rights Be Wrong? Towards a Less Majoritarian More Inclusive Democracy; Jan Oreský and Prokop Čech, Alternative Voting, Alternative Outcomes: 2018 Presidential Election in the Czech Republic; G. M. Peter Swann, Stalemate by Design? How Binary Voting Caused the Brexit Impasse of 2019; Florian Follert, Improving the Relationship between Citizens and Politicians; Sascha Kurz, Which Criteria Qualify Power Indices for Applications? - A Comment on “The Story of the Poor Public Good Index;” Matthias Weber, Thoughts on Voting Power and the Public Good Index; Claude Hillinger, The Case of Utilitarian Voting Christian Klamler, Utilitarian Voting - Some Empirical Evidence; Chris Hudson, Robots: Present and Future; and Bruce Morley, Robots Are Coming. Review of “John Hudson, The Robot Revolution: Understanding the Social and Economic Impact”

Written by leading scholars from various disciplines, this book presents current research on topics such as public choice, game theory, and political economy. It features contributions on fundamental, methodological, and empirical issues around the concepts of power and responsibility that strive to bridge the gap between different disciplinary approaches. The contributions fall into roughly four sub-disciplines: voting and voting power, public economics and politics, economics and philosophy, as well as labor economics. On the occasion of his 75th birthday, this book is written in honor of Manfred J. Holler, an economist by training and profession whose work as a guiding light has helped advance our understanding of the interdisciplinary connections of concepts of power and responsibility. He has written many articles and books on game theory, and worked extensively on questions of labor economics, politics, and philosophy.

This paper discusses the central banking, monetary, and banking laws for 17 countries in Europe, an area where many of the techniques that are now universally used in regulating or controlling the supply of money and credit were developed. The complete text of the basic central bank law of each country is given, as well as the by-laws of the central bank where they supplement major provisions of the basic law, and subsidiary legislation where pertinent. General banking laws are in most instances presented in summary form.