Tools, the catalogue for Cooper Hewitts reopening exhibition, showcases objects from ten of the Smithsonian Institutions museums to explore how diverse cultures, time periods and multifarious activities provide a means of realizing designs critical role in understanding our world, and to examine how tools offer insights into scientific, technological, and cultural changes in societies. It shows the interconnectedness of scientist, designer, historian, anthropologist, engineer and artist through design-thinking and problemsolving while also revealing distinct perspectives and methodologies.

Statistical software testing is a promising technique for reducing the software testing burden by applying test cases to the software under test according to a model of the expected usage of the system in operation, called an operational profile. However, current statistical testing techniques have not been put into general practice, as they do not scale well as the complexity of the systems under test increases. In particular, as system complexity increases, the matrices required to generate test cases and perform model analysis can grow dramatically, even exponentially, overwhelming the test generation and analysis applications. In this work, a new technique for representing the operational profile is proposed to mitigate the complexity issue for statistical test case generation. The use of a state-based requirements specification model as the basis of the operational profile leverages parallelism to reduce the visible size of the model. The specification model can then be extended to include conditional probabilities of input data occurrence. * This work also proposes a statistical testing framework using this specification-based operational profile to generate and execute test cases. Such a framework allows us to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of this statistical testing technique.

Sponsored by the Museum Education Roundtable

How does one spread a successful educational reform? The essays here recount the authors?' experiences with the scale-up process. Among their lessons are the importance of building the capacity to implement and sustain the reforms, adjusting for local culture and policy, ensuring quality control, providing the necessary infrastructure, and fostering a sense of ownership. The process is iterative and complex and requires cooperation among many actors who must ensure that the results align with goals.

Constitutional rights protect individuals against government overreaching, but that is not all they do. In different ways and to different degrees, constitutional rights also regulate legal relations among private parties in most legal systems. Rights can have not only a vertical effect, within the hierarchical relationship between citizen and state, but also a horizontal one, on the citizen-to-citizen relationships otherwise governed by private law. In every constitutional system with judicially enforceable constitutional rights, courts must make choices about whether, when, and how to give those rights horizontal effect. This book is about how different courts make those choices, and about the consequences that they have. The doctrines that courts build to manage the horizontal effect of rights speak to the most fundamental issues that constitutional systems address, about the nature of rights and of constitutionalism itself. These doctrines can also entrench or enhance judicial power, but in very different ways depending on the legal system. This book offers three case studies, of Germany, the United States, and Canada. For each, it offers a detailed account of the horizontal effect jurisprudence of its apex court-not in isolation, but as a central feature of a broader account of that country's constitutional development. The case studies show how the choices courts make about horizontal rights reflect existing normative and political realities and, over time, help to shape new ones.

Reports on the challenges facing California and the nation in providing access to higher education during a time of demographic change.