Keywords: double flame, flame kernel, vortex, laminar, turbulent, spray combustion.

Investigations into the complex interaction between combustion chemistry and the hydrodynamic flow field have been performed in both laminar and turbulent flames. Lifted turbulent spray flames were studied to gain insight into the role of oxidizer entrainment and mixing in the development of double flame structures in polydisperse ethanol sprays. OH Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) has been used to demarcate reaction zone contours, while smoke visualization illuminates the dynamics between entrained oxidizer and the evaporating fuel spray. Results show that the double flame structure consists of an outer diffusion flame with an inner structure that transitions from mixing controlled to partially premixed combustion downstream of the leading edge. Without air co-flow, the inner branch of the double structure burns intermittently with large regions of local extinction often observed, resulting from a high droplet flux and possibly high strain/scalar dissipation rates. Addition of 0.29 m/s co-flow lifts the flame base enough to increase air entrainment and enhance inner zone combustion. The inner zone burns continuously, with no apparent local extinction, due to turbulent mixing between entrained oxidizer and fuel vapor generated by easily vaporized droplets present in the recirculations along the shear layer. The polydisperse spray distribution yields larger droplets which are able to cross the inner reaction zone and vaporize in the hot region bounded by the double flame structure. This region serves as a fuel source to feed both the stable outer diffusion flame and the diffusive structures of the inner zone. In both cases, the flame leading edge stabilizes in the low-speed flow just outside the periphery of the spray cone, where flame propagation against the incoming flow is possible. The second phase of the research analyzed the response of laminar hydrocarbon-air flames to unsteady stretch via flame kernel-vortex interactions. A spark-ignited laminar premi.

A practical guide for graduate students and researchers on all aspects of x-ray scattering experiments on liquid surfaces and interfaces.

The distribution and multiphase flow of reservoir fluids in porous media are largely controlled by fluids-fluids and rock-fluids interactions. In this study, the rock-fluids interactions are experimentally investigated for two categories of systems representing oil reservoirs and deep saline aquifers in contact with carbon dioxide (CO2). In the first category, the adsorption of surface-active heavy molecules (i.e., asphaltenes) on mineral surfaces in the presence of brine can alter the wettability of reservoir rock towards oil-wet condition. The stability of thin brine films on mineral surfaces and hence the amount of asphaltene adsorption depends on the type of minerals in the rock and the brine chemistry. Although this phenomenon has been extensively studied in quartz systems, there are very limited systematic studies with reactive minerals such as calcite. Therefore, one objective of this research is to investigate the effect of brine chemistry (ion concentration, type, and valency) on the wettability of oil/brine/min- eral systems through dynamic adsorption of asphaltenes on quartz and calcite packs using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Different adsorption trends were observed with quartz and calcite and explained on the basis of the surface forces involved in the stability of thin brine films. In the second category (deep saline aquifers where carbon dioxide is sequestered), the final storage capacity and total amount of capillary-trapped CO2 were affected by the interfacial tension (IFT) between the fluids and the contact angle (CA) between the fluids and the rock mineral surface. There are currently very limited published data on contact angle of CO2/brine/mineral systems. Most of the existing studies were performed at am- bient temperature, under static or quasi-static conditions, and using subcritical CO2 phase without pre-equilibration. Important parameters (such as brine chemistry and impurities in CO2) have not been systematically studied. There are also inconsistencies in reported trends of contact angle versus pressure and temperature. Thus, another objective of this work is to study the effect of pressure, temperature, brine chemistry, and contaminants in CO2 on the wettability of CO2/brine/quartz systems. For this purpose, a new high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) IFT and CA apparatus was developed and validated. The density, IFT, advancing and receding CA of CO2/water/quartz systems were measured under HPHT conditions. Also the effects CO2 phase change, pressure, temperature, brine salinity, and presence of co-contaminants in CO2 phase were investigated. Also, important implications to CO2 sequestration are discussed at the end.

Geofluids: Developments in Microthermometry, Spectroscopy, Thermodynamics, and Stable Isotopes is the definitive source on paleofluids and the migration of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins—ideal for researchers in oil and gas exploration. There's been a rapid development of new non-destructive analytical methods and interdisciplinary research that makes it difficult to find a single source of content on the subject of geofluids. Geoscience researchers commonly use multiple tools to interpret geologic problems, particularly if the problems involve fluid-rock interaction. This book perfectly combines the techniques of fluid inclusion microthermometry, stable isotope analyses, and various types of spectroscopy, including Raman analysis, to contribute to a thorough approach to research. Through a practical and intuitive step-by-step approach, the authors explain sample preparation, measurements, and the interpretation and analysis of data related to thermodynamics and mineral-fluid equilibria. - Features working examples in each chapter with step-by-step explanations and calculations - Broad range of case studies aid the analytical and experimental data - Includes appendices with equations of state, stable isotope fractionation equations, and Raman identification tables that aid in identification of fluid inclusion minerals - Authored by a team of expert scientists who have more than 60 years of related experience in the field and classroom combined

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Rhodes, Greece from 6 to 15 September 2002