Since the 1990s, stop and frisk activities have been a cornerstone of the New York Police Department (NYPD). The manner in which the NYPD has carried out stop, question, and frisks (SQFs), however, has been a focal point of discussion, resulting in public outrage and two major lawsuits. Recently, the Federal District Court Judge ruled that the NYPD was engaging in unconstitutional stop-and-frisk practices that targeted predominately Black and Latino New Yorkers. Questions surrounding the NYPDs SQF practices have almost exclusively focused on racial and ethnic disproportionality in the rate of stops without necessarily considering what transpired during the stop. This study will fill that void by examining the prevalence and nature of use of force during those stops, along with testing the minority threat hypothesis. By combining micro-level measures from the NYPDs 2012 "Stop, Question, and Frisk" database with macro-level variables collected from the United States Census Bureau, the current study examines police use of force in the context of SQF activities. The results should help judges, policy makers, police officers, and scholars understand the nature of police use of force in the context of SQFs.

This book analyzes New York City’s stop-and-frisk data both pre- and post-constitutionality ruling, examining the existence of both profiling and unequal treatment among the three largest groups identified in the database: Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics. The purpose for using these two time periods is to determine which group(s) benefited the most from the ruling. This research goes beyond standard statistics to identify the place that race holds in contributing to the stop disparities. Specifically, this research will adds a spatial element to the numbers by analyzing the determinants of stop location by race, applying a principal component analysis to a mixture of census and stop-and-frisk data to determine the influence of location on stops by race. The results present a way of determining the plausibility of stops being the product of racial profiling–or just a matter of happenstance.

89% of pedestrian stops by the New York Police Department involve non-white persons. The Dept. asked that a study be conducted by the RAND Center on Quality Policing (CQP) to help the New York City Police Department understand the issue of the predominance of pedestrian stops and identify recommendations for addressing potential problems.

Canvasses 3 different perspectives on "stop and frisk" (S&F) police activity in NY City. Provides the legal definition of, and constitutional parameters for S&F encounters. Considers S&F from the perspective of both the N.Y. City Police Dept. (NYPD) and minority communities that believe they have been most affected by the use of S&F. S&F is also examined as part of the NYPD's training regimen and from the point of view of officers who have used the technique. Provides an assessment of the S&F tactic from the perspective of persons who have been "stopped," and commentary from persons who have observed the tactic's secondary effects. Comprehensive!!

In New York City, racial disparities persist in enforcement, primarily because of the NYPD's overreliance on stop and frisk. The racial disparities in the period examined (2008-2012) are consistent with the overall trend from 2003. This trend correlates with the implementation of Operation Impact as a NYPD crime reduction strategy. The policing priorities established at Compstat meetings set the tone for enforcement. As such, Compstat is viewed as a major driver of stop and frisk, especially in impact zones. There are also disparities in the allocation of resources between enforcement and community outreach. Community Policing has shown its effectiveness as a bridge between the community and the police. Community Policing could be incorporated into Compstat to offset the collateral damage of disproportionate policing.

Broken Windows policing through the utilization of Stop, Question, and Frisk has been widely used by the New York City Police Department (NYPD) since the 1990s, as guaranteed by landmark Supreme Court Case Terry v. Ohio (1968). As a result, hundreds of minority citizens have been the victim of routine stops for minor offenses through this aggressive police tactic. This study utilizes 2017 NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk Data to determine whether broken windows policing, through stop, question, and frisk, operates as a mode of racial control for African Americans in New York City. Through the utilization of chi-square analyses, binary logistic regression, and multi nominal logistic regression, statistically significant associations were found for several variables based on race.

Stop-and-frisk has emerged as a popular crime control tactic in American policing. Though stop-and-frisk has a long, established legal history, the recent experiences in many jurisdictions demonstrate a strong disconnect between principle and practice. Arguably, stop-and-frisk has become the next iteration of a persistent undercurrent in racial injustice in American policing, perhaps best demonstrated by the recent police killings of Eric Garner, Michael Brown, and Freddie Gray -- all during stop-and-frisk encounters. Recent events have facilitated a national dialogue on police accountability and police reform, and federal civil litigation has been central to that discussion. Although federal court relief can be pursued through a variety of avenues (most frequently by individuals or class actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 or by the U.S. Department of Justice pursuant to 42 U.S.C § 14141), very little research has examined the impact of federal civil litigation on unconstitutional police practices. The current study examines the New York City confluence of racial injustice in policing, misuse of stop-and-frisk by officers, and federal civil litigation designed to precipitate police reform. Authors employ a natural experimental design to conduct a year-to-year comparison of stop-and-frisk activities and outcomes conducted by the NYPD in 2011, during the height of their stop-and-frisk program, and 2014, one year after a federal court deemed the program unconstitutional and ordered reforms. Results show substantial improvement in stop-and-frisk practices following the federal civil litigation, including reduced prevalence and geographic concentration, as well as increased rates of arrest and weapon and contraband seizures. Moreover, crime continued to decline in New York as the NYPD reformed its stop-and-frisk program. Even though racial disparities in those subjected to stops by the NYPD persist, the overall findings show positive progress in New York and highlight the role of federal civil litigation as an instrument of police reform.