The first fisheries agreement between the European Community and Angola was signed in 1989 and denounced in 2006 by the EU, due to the legislative framework adopted in Angola in 2004. EU vessels currently fishing in the Angolan exclusive economic zone (EEZ) do so on the basis of direct authorisations. Since 2019, Angola has showed interest in a sustainable fisheries partnership agreement (SFPA), and both the EU and Angola have agreed to initiate exploratory discussions about a SFPA. This ex-ante evaluation was carried out in accordance with both the EU Financial Regulation and its Rules of Application and the European Commission's Better Regulation Guidelines and 'Toolbox'. A wide range of stakeholders in both the EU and Angola were consulted, the former largely using questionnaires with responses provided by email, and the latter through a field mission to Angola. A large body of relevant secondary data was also reviewed.

In September 2006 the EU and Cabo Verde concluded a bilateral Fisheries Partnership Agreement (FPA). This Agreement provided fishing possibilities exclusively for highly migratory species for EU vessels fishing in Cabo Verde waters. It entered into force on 30 March 2007 and has been automatically renewed twice for periods of 5 years (29 March 2012 and 29 March 2017). The current Protocol was signed, and entered into provisional application on 23 December 2014, it will expire on 22 December 2018. The Protocol sets out the fishing opportunities and financial contributions provided for in the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (SFPA). It grants to the EU fishing opportunities for up to 71 vessels to fish for tuna and other highly migratory species in 3 fishing categories: 28 tuna seiners, 30 surface long liners and 13 pole-and-line vessels, with a reference tonnage of 5,000 t/year. The Member States interested in fisheries activities in the EEZ of Cabo Verde are, France (FR), Portugal (PT) and Spain (ES). The annual EU public financial contribution to Cabo Verde amounts to EUR 550,000/ year out of which EUR 275,000 is earmarked for the support of the Cabo Verde fisheries policy for the first two years of the Protocol, and EUR 250,000/ year for the last two years of the Protocol. The Agreement is classified by the EU as a "tuna agreement" (as opposed to multi-species agreements); its main characteristics are provided in Table 1. The SFPA with Cabo Verde is part of a network of SFPAs with other coastal States in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, which include Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia and São Tomé and Príncipe (tuna agreements) and Guinea Bissau, Mauritania and Morocco (multi-species agreements). The present report provides an independent ex-post evaluation study of the current four-year Protocol to the SFPA between the EU and the Republic of Cabo Verde as well as an ex-ante evaluation of a future Protocol. This final report presents information collected from various sources, including the EU/DG MARE, EU concerned Member states (FR, PT, ES) and the professional associations of EU vessel operators concerned with the availability and utilisation of fishing possibilities. It also includes the findings of a mission to Cabo Verde that took place in December 2017, during which discussions were held in Praia and Mindelo with Cabo Verdean and other stakeholders involved in the implementation of the SFPA, including public authorities, private sector and NGOs.

The 2015-2020 Protocol implementing the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (SFPA) between the EU and Liberia considers access to the Liberian EEZ for a maximum of 28 tuna purse seiners and 6 surface longliners in exchange for an annual EU financial compensation of EUR 357 000 for the first year, EUR 325 000 for the second, third and fourth years and EUR 292 500 for the last year, plus an annual maximum amount for the support and implementation of the Liberia's fisheries sectoral policy equal to the EU annual compensation. The Protocol also foresees payment of access fees by EU operators benefiting from fishing opportunities. The Protocol will expire on 8 December 2020.

The 2016-2020 Protocol implementing the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (SFPA) between the EU and Cook Islands (CK) considers access of a maximum of 4 EU purse seiners in exchange for an annual EU financial compensation of EUR 385 000 the first two years and EUR 350 000 the last two years, plus an annual maximum amount of EUR 350 000 for the support and implementation of the CK's sectoral policy. The Protocol also foresees payment of access fees by EU operators benefiting from fishing opportunities. The Protocol will expire next 13 October 2020.

Marine living resources are currently under severe threat from unsustainable use. International law urges a precautionary approach in the use of remaining fish stocks, necessitating rational domestic management of coastal fisheries and requiring foreign nations accessing these stocks to cooperate to this end. The manner in which bilateral fishing relations between the EU and various West African states have historically played out, however, has not followed this route. This book is a legal study of these relations from an inter-disciplinary and contextual perspective with particular reference to sustainability questions using three broad conceptual lenses: common resource management, integration towards sustainable development and the colonial legacy to interrogate the extent to which these interactions operated as legal instruments of sustainability.

The subject of this evaluation is Fisheries Partnership Agreement (FPA) between the EU and the Seychelles and its implementing Protocol. The Agreement was concluded for a period of 6 years from 2 November 2007 and was automatically renewed in 2013 until 1 November 2019. The Protocol provides fishing possibilities for EU vessels fishing in the Seychelles' Exclusive Economic Zone for tuna and tuna-like species. The current Protocol entered into application on 18 January 2014 and will expire on 17 January 2020. The EU's FPA with Seychelles is one of two currently active tuna agreements in the Indian Ocean (the other is with Mauritius). The Protocol sets out the fishing opportunities and financial contributions provided for in the Fisheries Partnership Agreement. It grants fishing opportunities for 40 tuna purse seiners and 6 surface long liners, with a reference tonnage of 50,000 t/year. The annual EU public financial contribution to Seychelles in the first and second year amounted to EUR 5 350 000 per year, of which EUR 2 600 000 was dedicated to the support and implementation of Seychelles' sectoral fisheries policy. In the 3rd to 6th years, the annual contribution is EUR 5 000 000 per year, of which EUR 2 500 000 is to be dedicated to the support for implementation of the fisheries maritime policies. The EU-Seychelles FPA is mirrored by a fishing agreement between the Seychelles and the EU for access of a maximum of 8 purse seiners and 2 supply vessels flagged to Seychelles to the waters of Mayotte under EU jurisdiction (an EU outermost region since 2014). The so-called Seychelles-Mayotte agreement will expire on 5 June 2020.

This report provides an ex post and an ex ante evaluation of the Fisheries Partnership Agreement (FPA) between the European Union (EU) and Greenland1. The initial FPA ran until 31 December 2012 and is tacitly renewed for six-year periods. The current Protocol to the EU/Greenland FPA runs from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020. The Greenland-EU FPA/Protocol is a 'mixed agreement', which permits EU vessels to fish in Greenlandic waters for cod, pelagic and demersal redfish, Greenland halibut, shrimp, grenadier and capelin. Small amounts of bycatch (grenadier and other species) are permitted. The agreement is unique amongst the EU's fisheries agreements in that it is the only one in northern waters for which financial compensation is paid for access (other northern agreements being based on transfers/exchanges of quota), and the only agreement based on financial compensation with a relatively developed country (with implications for its ability and capacity to manage resources effectively and its sectoral support needs). Indicative annual fishing opportunities total 42 726 tonnes, with Greenland offering and the EU accepting a part of total Greenlandic quotas for individual species each year based on scientific advice and the needs of both the EU and Greenlandic private sectors. The EU also transfers part of the agreed quota to Norway and the Faroe Islands, in exchange for access by EU vessels to the waters of those third countries. The Protocol provides annually for EUR 13 168 978 from the EU budget as financial compensation for access (calculated based on reference prices for each species) including a financial reserve of EUR 1 700 000 for additional quantities of species, with actual financial compensation for access being based on the quota agreed for the EU. In addition, EU ship-owners pay authorisation fees based on prices set in the Protocol for the quota allocated. EUR 2 931 000 are also provided from the EU budget to support Greenlandic sectoral fisheries policy. The methodology for this evaluation included a review of literature and data, and consultations (some face to face, and some remotely) with stakeholders in Greenland and in the EU. The scope of the ex post evaluation covers the FPA and the Protocol, performance over the first full three calendar years (2016 to 2018), and assessment against standard evaluation criteria. The scope of the ex ante evaluation includes the needs of both parties, defining objectives, learning lessons from the past, and an assessment of future options. Planning for the future and potential appropriations and allocation of human resources are also considered.