Seabed scouring by large draft ice features, such as icebergs and ice ridges, is of concern to the safety and integrity of proposed subsea petroleum transportation systems for the frontier regions. The determination of a "safe" pipeline protection system is required to allow development to proceed. An assessment of risk level versus pipeline protection specification is a necessary part of the economic pre-development prospect evaluation process. The primary objectives of this study were threefold: to evaluate available deterministic analytical models, to compare observed scours with model results, and to document ongoing ice scour research and to make recommendations on future research priorities.

Presents proceedings of a workshop held to update knowledge of current work and recent achievements in the area of seabed ice scour research. Topics of papers presented include: marine pipeline design in ice environments; engineering aspects of ice gouging; ice scour studies in specific geographic areas; iceberg stability; ice scour models; dynamics of iceberg grounding; seabed dynamics and response to ice forces; ice scour terminology; regional ice scour distribution; ice scour data bases; estimation of ice scour frequency and risk; iceberg scour dating; and ice scour mapping.

What is Project Independence? The sources and uses of energy in the United States have changed dramatically in the last several decades. As a result, in just one generation, we have shifted from a position of domestic energy abundance to a substantial and continually growing reliance on foreign energy sources. Project Independence is a wide-ranging program to evaluate this growing dependence on foreign sources of energy, and to develop positive programs to reduce our vulnerability to future oil cut-offs and price increases.