TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 542: Evaluating Cultural Resource Significance: Implementation Tools examines information technology (IT) tools that are designed to improve and streamline the National Register evaluation of cultural resources. The report highlights IT prototype tools that include a searchable database of historic contexts and a collection of National Register evaluation documents. The second prototype provides an explicit, but flexible tool designed to improve the National Register eligibility determinations.

These essays urge archaeologists to reexamine and to change their basic assumptions about how we assign value to cultural places and, beyond that, how we should understand and manage our heritage throughout much of the world. At the heart of the complex field of cultural resource management is the work archaeologists do to determine the significance of a particular site. On a daily basis, they often face the question of what should be protected for future generations, salvaged in the face of impending destruction, or allowed to be destroyed without record. Frequently, their assessments are at odds with segments of society whose culturally conditioned values conflict with the practical management of resources. The book addresses such topical issues as public controversy over national memorials, land ownership, repatriation, and the protection of cultural heritage in war and peace. It sets the concerns of native peoples and minorities in the context of worldwide tensions between national and local identities, and it explores the overt goal of many countries to promote and appreciate cultural diversity. It also addresses the philosophical separation of heritage management and research within the archaeological discipline itself. The contributors propose that in both developing and developed nations the theoretical underpinning of policies must be examined, and new preservation, protection, and research strategies must be developed. Drawing on a broad base of international expertise, the book highlights new theoretical and pragmatic approaches to archaeological value and significance being applied currently by professionals in North America, Europe, Africa, South America, and Australia. The book raises concerns of interest not only to archaeologists but also to those in law, politics, anthropology, environmental studies, and related fields. It revives the critical debate concerning significance and value while emphasizing innovations in both theory and practice in what has become in the 21st century an increasingly diverse discipline. Clay Mathers is the geographic information systems coordinator for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Albuquerque District, New Mexico. He is the coeditor of Trends and Patterns in Cultural Resource Significance, Cultural Resource Significance Evaluation, and Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age.

Of the many properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, only 7% are archaeological sites. With the Register designed to primarily assess the historical significance of standing sites, archaeologists have had difficulty translating eligibility criteria to sites known primarily from archaeological work. Hardesty and Little provide practical guidance for archaeologists and others on how to examine these properties for their historical significance, both for academic reasons and for proposal to the Register. This useful guide will be helpful for anyone working in a cultural resource management context with recent archaeological sites.