Economists of the 20th century paid little attention to the labour share, probably because the the labour share was thought to be constant over time and across countries. However, recent data refute this hypothesis. Hence, in recent years, economists have been increasingly concerned with the determination of factor shares. We study two aspects not explored yet : the relationship between the labour share and the distribution of personal incomes and the effect of education on the labour share. We start by putting together the existing data on country labour shares. This analysis shows that measuring the labour share is a difficult exercise and that the choice of data and adjustment affects both country ranking and movements over time within a country. We then build a general equilibrium model in which income inequality and the sharing of value-added are correlated through the equilibrium labour supply. We find an ambiguous relationship between the labour supply and the labour share which depends on the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour. On the other hand, our cross-country and panel evidence over the period 1960-1990 shows that a larger labour share is associated with lower inequality. Our next concern is the effect of education on the labour share. We study a two-sector model where workers are heterogenous with respect to their level of schooling and where firms have monopsony power due to search frictions. The more educated an agent is, the more job offers she may receive. Higher education raises wage competition among employers, and hence, wages obtained by high-educated workers, which implies that the labour share is increasing in the proportion of high-educated individuals. Lastly, we examine the role that education has played in determining the labour share using a panel of OECD countries over the period 1970-2000. Our results indicate that an increase in the proportion of high-educated workers leads to an increase in the labour share.

Trade can dramatically improve women’s lives, creating new jobs, enhancing consumer choices, and increasing women’s bargaining power in society. It can also lead to job losses and a concentration of work in low-skilled employment. Given the complexity and specificity of the relationship between trade and gender, it is essential to assess the potential impact of trade policy on both women and men and to develop appropriate, evidence-based policies to ensure that trade helps to enhance opportunities for all. Research on gender equality and trade has been constrained by limited data and a lack of understanding of the connections among the economic roles that women play as workers, consumers, and decision makers. Building on new analyses and new sex-disaggregated data, Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between trade and gender equality and to identify a series of opportunities through which trade can improve the lives of women.

Since the mid-20th century, organizational theorists have increasingly distanced themselves from the study of core societal power centers and important policy issues of the day. This title addresses the global financial crisis debates and struggles around how to organize economies and societies around the world.

This book, written by the celebrated nineteenth century French economist propagating free trade, reads as it was written yesterday.

Le terme promotion de la santé en Afrique, près de 30 ans après l'adoption de la Charte d'Ottawa, continue d'avoir des connotations complètement hors du sens que lui confère cette charte. Cela n'est pas étonnant quand on sait que la notion de santé dans ce contexte africain équivaut à la lutte contre la maladie à travers les soins de santé dispensés par des professionnels de la santé dans des formations sanitaires et les hôpitaux. L'évolution que connait le continent depuis quelques décennies est de donner un peu plus de place à la communauté à travers les relais communautaires dans une participation communautaire vidée de son contenu, car le pouvoir n'est jamais passé entre les mains des communautés.C'est au vu de tout ceci que le présent ouvrage à sa raison d'être pour expliquer les fondements de l'autonomisation communautaire et de la promotion de la santé avec leur importance pour la région africaine en proie aux mauvais indicateurs de santé comparativement aux autres régions du monde.

Eight papers, both theoretical and applied, on the concept of equality of opportunity which says that a society should guarantee its members equal access to advantage regardless of their circumstances, while holding them responsible for turning that access into actual advantage by the application of effort.