England's relationship with the Baltic trading area has remained a generally neglected aspect of English commercial development in the seventeenth century. The spectacular colonial ventures have traditionally attracted more historical attention, although the Baltic trade in this period was more fundamental to the English economy: it supplied precisely those naval commodities, such as flax, hemp, timber, pitch and tar, which facilitated the creation of fleets for the colonial trades. Medieval English trade had been conditioned by a search for markets, and the predominantly agricultural economy of the Polish Commonwealth proved to be an ideal target for cloth exports. By the early seventeenth century, however, this traditional relationship was changing. The growing English fleets demanded steady supplies of naval stores which Poland was increasingly unable to supply, while the Polish economy, weakened by wars and entering a period of decline, could no longer afford the luxury of cloth imports from England.

Concentrates on the fascinating life and work of Giles Fletcher, the elder (1546–1611) and his analysis of government and commonwealth, through the image of Russia. His account of Russia remains the most comprehensive early modern western European account of the 'barbaric' land on Christendom’s borders.

The English/British have always been known as the sailor race with hearts of oak: the Royal Navy as the Senior Service and First Line of Defense. It facilitated the motto: The sun never set on the British Empire. The Royal Navy has exerted a powerful influence on Great Britain, its Empire, Europe, and, ultimately, the world. This superior annotated bibliography supplies entries that explore the influence of the English/British Navy through its history. This survey will provide a major reference guide for students and scholars at all levels. It incorporates evaluative, qualitative, and critical analysis processes, the essence of historical scholarship. Each one of the 4,124 annotated entries is evaluated, assessed, analyzed, integrated, and incorporated into the historiographical scholarship.

Aleksei Ziuzin's embassy to London in November 1613 added a new dimension to James I's schemes for an alliance with the Protestant kingdoms of the north. Editors Jansson, Bushkovitch, and Rogozhin have divided their study into 3 sections -- a long historical introduction, Ziuzin's account of the embassy, and appendices. The introduction analyzes England's later 16th and early 17th century relations with Denmark, Poland, the Empire, Sweden and Russia. By treating relations with Russia as integral to English foreign policy, the work challenges the usual linking of English interests with that of the Muscovy Company of English merchants. For the first time, documents heretofore inaccessible in the West are made available in English translation -- producing a valuable addition to English and Russian history. Now scholars can begin to understand Russian political objectives in conjunction with English foreign policy aims in the early 17th century. Besides appendices of correspondence, the book includes extensive notes, brief introductory essays by V.I. Buganov and N. Rogozhin, and a select bibliogaphy. Under the Direction of Victor Buganov, Institute of the History of Russia.

This is the first book to describe the early English woollens’ industry and its dominance of the trade in quality cloth across Europe by the mid-sixteenth century, as English trade was transformed from dependence on wool to value-added woollen cloth. It compares English and continental draperies, weighs the advantages of urban and rural production, and examines both quality and coarse cloths. Rural clothiers who made broadcloth to a consistent high quality at relatively low cost, Merchant Adventurers who enjoyed a trade monopoly with the Low Countries, and Antwerp’s artisans who finished cloth to customers’ needs all eventually combined to make English woollens unbeatable on the continent.