The growth in cross-border investments in an increasingly globalised economy means that there are more international disputes between foreign investors and states than ever before. Spearheaded by leading arbitration practitioner, Julien Fouret, this second edition brings together more than 70 experts to provide substantive analysis of recurring iss

The rise of international investment arbitration has resulted in the emergence of a number of intriguing legal and political challenges. One of those is the question of whether or not arbitral awards may constitute investments pursuant to existing investment treaties. In approaching the problem, it is the interconnection between theory and practice that delivers solutions. This book presents the first detailed analysis of the existing tribunals’ approaches to date. In examining the principles of treaty interpretation, their application in arbitral practice, shortcomings and their ramifications and possible routes to improvement, the book addresses the following questions: - What is the foundation of interpretation in public international law and when is it adequately carried out? - Can arbitral awards constitute investments, offering relief from frustrated enforcement attempts? - Is there a trend of convergence of commercial and investment arbitration? - Do respective interpretative outcomes stem from adequate interpretation? - What are the ramifications, if interpretation is not fully adequate? - What are the feasible routes to greater interpretive discipline? The book is mindful of the underlying public international law principles, such as state sovereignty and the increasing legal and political dynamics of international investment law. This is the first in-depth treatise on arbitral awards’ qualification as investments within international investment law. Its detailed analysis of the interpretive approaches, their foundation and consequences will, from a theoretical and practical point of view, prove of great value to international tribunals, counsel and sovereign entities. Maximilian Clasmeier has gained international arbitration experience in the dispute resolution practices of international law firms in Frankfurt, Düsseldorf and Singapore and worked for the World Bank Group in Washington, D.C.

This book examines how international investment arbitral awards can be facilitated. It sets out to achieve a fuller conceptualisation and theorisation of awards through a discussion of relevant issues and themes, as well as demonstrating how they can be achieved through a comparative approach that has been conceived and developed with reference to existing deficiencies in the research literature. This contribution is particularly important given the worldwide emergence of investment arbitration as a powerful form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The book ultimately seeks to explore and develop solutions that can be directed to an existing oversight and deficit within the international investment architecture. In considering the advantages and disadvantages of each ‘solution’, it will work towards an approach best-suited to upholding the interest of the victorious party at the enforcement stage. The enforcement of arbitral awards on a voluntary basis has proven to be insufficient, and this created a real and ongoing shortcoming that needs to be addressed. International Investment Dispute Awards: Facilitating Enforcement therefore seeks to directly influence existing practice on the part of international institutions, with the intention of helping to develop a more effective resolution. The readerships for this book will include arbitration practitioners, policy-makers (including treaty drafters), academics and postgraduate students interested in the enforcement of investment arbitral awards.

India is one of the fastest growing economies and intends to achieve the desired growth with the help of foreign investment. Recently, India terminated all the existing Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and announced to renegotiate them based on the newly issued Model BIT. This book is the first comprehensive commentary and analyses of international investment law with focus on India. It offers detailed examination of India’s legal position in relation to protection of foreign investment and the impact of investment treaty arbitration and related jurisprudence on the country’s governance structures and regulatory framework. Additionally, it reflects upon the political and economic rationales for the policy on foreign investment. Among the matters discussed are the following: • jurisprudence of investment tribunals, with focus on cases where India was a party (White Industries v. India); • impact of the Make in India campaign and other reforms on foreign investment; • requirement of valid entry and operation of foreign investment; • prominent treatment standards such as expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, most favoured nation, and national treatment; • dispute resolution clauses and enforcement of investment arbitration awards; • interaction of protection of foreign investment and the Indian judiciary; and • reasons for India not joining the ICSID Convention. Given India’s position as a hugely influential player in the cross-border movement of capital, with the willingness to ‘change the rules’ on foreign investment and investment treaty arbitration worldwide, this book will prove of immeasurable value to practitioners, legal academics, interested policy makers, multinational corporations and their counsel and others interested in international investment law and India.

The past decade has seen a veritable explosion of investment treaty and other arbitration claims brought against sovereigns. Many of those cases have been filed before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Claims (ICSID), which has its own self-contained rules for enforcement. Given this significant increase in sovereign cases and the issues attendant to sovereign immunity, this treatise is timely in addressing the various issues that arise in enforcing arbitral awards against sovereigns. One of the first questions posed to their counsel by clients considering the initiation of an arbitration proceeding against a sovereign state is whether and how the resulting award can be enforced. The origin of the client’s question is usually based in some knowledge that a state possesses sovereign immunity, along with an uncertain concern about the exceptions to such immunity and the difficulties of enforcement against a sovereign’s assets. This uncertainty is understandable, especially in light of the sometimes confusing and even contradictory court decisions in certain jurisdictions. It is these inquiries in their broadest application that form the subject of this treatise. With contributions by eminent and experienced practitioners of the multiple issues that have arisen in various jurisdictions and the key cases that have created the law of enforcement of obligations against sovereigns, this book will provide access to valuable information, add to the transparency of this subject and further spur the consistent development of this area of law. This book is divided into three parts. The first part is general in nature and includes chapters encompassing the subjects of sovereign immunity in general (including both immunity from jurisdiction and immunity from enforcement), treaty obligations to honor awards, diplomatic protection by a claimant’s government to obtain payment of awards, and conciliation and settlement. The second part of the book deals with the means of enforcing awards. Part three of this treatise addresses the enforcement issues that arise in specific jurisdictions in which enforcement against sovereign assets is often sought - in particular, the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, France, The Netherlands, and South America.

This paper explores two themes. The first one addresses the legal nature of arbitral awards and an attempt is made to offer a legal definition also by looking at the legal nature of arbitration and related theories. The conclusion is that awards are de facto and de jure functional equivalents of court judgments. In this regards the paper also looks at the 'value' of arbitral awards. The second theme is whether the interference of judicial or other state authorities with the enforcement of a foreign arbitral award may be the trigger for investment protection (for treatment short of fair and equitable treatment or even expropriation) in investment treaty arbitration; this may be on the basis of a bilateral investment treaty and/or the ICISD Convention. It is well established that states parties to the 1958 New York Convention have a public international law obligation to enforce a foreign arbitral award unless they find that one of the limited grounds to resist enforcement exists. A number of recent cases rely on investment treaties to establish jurisdiction against states which aggressively and arbitrarily or negligently and willfully refuse to enforce an award with a foreign party beneficiary. While a trend emerges there are also cases which reject such applications for lack of jurisdiction under investment treaties. The paper provides guidance as to which state conduct in relation to enforcement of arbitral awards may warrant investment arbitration.

Investment Arbitration is a multi-billion dollar venture. It is an area of international dispute resolution, which has undergone tremendous growth in recent years and resulted in the signature of thousands of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states and several Multilateral Investment Treaties (MITs). Numerous disputes involving these instruments are resolved through international arbitration. Arbitral tribunals have rendered many awards ordering the payment of large sums of money. This handbook provides an explanatory introduction into the area of investment arbitration, differentiating it from commercial arbitration and state-to-state arbitration. It examines the legal framework and the general course of an international investment arbitration. In particular, it focuses on the standards of protection in international investment agreements, the concept of jurisdiction in international investment arbitration and the arbitral award, including the notions of recognition, enforcement and execution. Moreover, this cutting-edge publication contains relevant and recent case law in the area and deals with contemporaneous issues such as the ongoing controversy regarding the future of Intra-EU BITs and Free Trade Agreements as well as the link between vulture funds and investment arbitration. The handbook aims at arbitrators, lawyers, practitioners, academics, students and everyone with an interest in international investment arbitration.