This unique study focuses on how the endowment assets of Oxford and Cambridge colleges are invested. Despite their shared missions, each interprets its investment objective differently, often resulting in remarkably dissimilar strategies. This thought provoking study provides new insights for all investors with a long-term investment horizon.

Dr Kozlowski's important study pioneers a fresh approach to the study of a critical Muslim institution: the endowments or awqaf which almost everywhere in the Islamic world provide support for mosques, schools and shrines. The wealthier Muslims who establish endowments inevitably have an eye on social, political and economic conditions and have traditionally used awqaf as part of an effort to preserve their wealth and influence, especially in periods of change and uncertainty. The book focuses on the use of endowments by Muslims suffering the dislocations caused by the imposition of British rule in India and examines in detail the social and political implications of the controversy over endowments that took place in the imperial courts and councils. The author's observations and insights can be applied to many periods and places in the Muslim world and his novel approach will attract all those interested in the study of Islam.

Examines differences in the rates of economic growth in Latin America and mainland North America since the seventeenth century.