This work was begun to provide keys to the aquatic insect species known from Brazil. The original goal was to include all genera known from South America and all species from Brazil, but for most groups, the scope was expanded to encompass all species in South America, and, in many cases, to include terrestrial species of orders that include both terrestrial and aquatic taxa. In no case is a taxonomic reVlSlon of any group undertaken, although recommendations for such revisions are included, and the probable synonymy of nominal species still treated as valid in the literature is noted. Two different approaches are employed according to the taxon being treated. For phylogenetic groups encompassing overwhelmingly or exclusively aquatic species, such as the orders Odonata and Ephemeroptera or the families Dytiscidae and Culicidae, keys are provided to distinguish all genera and species known to occur in South America. An effort has been made to include every identifiable species so that the user of the key can determine with reasonable certainty whether or not his specimen belongs to a species that has already been described or whether it is one that is not yet known to science.

This book is part of a series designed to facilitate identification of South American insects likely to be encountered in, on, or near water, on wetlands, and in unusual aquatic habitats. It permits identification of all known adults and larvae. Each volume of the Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects begins with a short general introduction. The scope of this volume is the Plecoptera. It includes all species known from South America as of the year 2002 and permits a state-of-the-art identification of the species. In the case of specimens belonging to undescribed species or those not previously reported from South America, it permits identification to genus or family and gives the reader reasonable certainty that his specimen does not belong to the known fauna of the continent. The keys are richly illustrated to permit non-specialists in the group to reliably identify specimens. Taxonomic revisions are intentionally avoided, but doubtful taxa are so designated in the keys. The volume is meant for anyone interested in identifying aquatic stoneflies, including entomologists, stream biologists, ecologists, zoogeographers, fishery biologists, and naturalists. Already published within this encyclopedia: -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Collembola ISBN: 0-7923-6704-9 -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Ephemeroptera ISBN: 1-4020-0775-2 -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Plecoptera ISBN: 1-4020-1520-8 Forthcoming book titles: -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Odonata -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Orthoptera -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Heteroptera -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Neuroptera, including Megaloptera -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Trichoptera -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Lepidoptera -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Coleoptera -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Diptera -Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Hymenoptera

This book recounts the habits of many interesting and unusual exceptions to the rule that insects are typically terrestrial forms of life. It examines the different ways that groups of species have developed modes of existence in or on the surface of water, and gives reasons why the gross morphology of insects is not favorable for life in or near bodies of water, such as wings that fail to function after coming into contact with water, rendering them useless.

Hemiptera - Heteroptera encompasses the three well-defined suborders of the true bugs which are adapted to an aquatic or littoral habitat. The book begins with a section on the biology these insects and provides illustrations of the basic features of their morphology and outlines the larval development. Brief outlines of the ecological and zoogeographical peculiarities of the three aquatic suborders are presented individually, and various methods for observing, collecting, preserving, rearing, and examining specimens are discussed. Most of the book is devoted to keys for the identification of adults to species, and notes are provided that will help recognize the known larvae. Unlike most other aquatic insects, the larval instars of the heteropteran species closely resemble the adults in their morphology, preferred habitats, and feeding habits. Therefore, distinguishing features of those relatively few larvae which have been described in detail are usually mentioned in the keys to the adults rather than being included in separate keys. In addition to the most important features for determining the individual species, many keys include additional notes on the morphology, which is intended to give the user a better chance of recognizing specimens of species not yet known to science. After the currently recognized name of each species, the known range is provided. Regions of the world outside of South America, South American countries, and the states of Brazil from which the species has been reported are listed. Following the range information, major synonyms previously used for the species in the literature are provided. If subspecies have been described and are still recognized as such, they are also discussed. Finally, if the status of the species is regarded as uncertain because of a poor description, strong resemblance to another species, or any other reason, a note is added that a detailed study will be necessary to clarify the status of the taxon. Taxonomic revisions in the book itself are strictly avoided. To provide the user of the keys with maximum assistance in making reliable identifications, the book is richly illustrated with pen and ink drawings of thousands of individual morphological structures arranged in 820 figures. The book is intended to make a significant impact toward popularizing the study of South American water bugs by assembling and condensing the information in hundreds of individual publications on the group, which appeared in many books and journals published in many different countries over the past 200 years. Some of these works are very difficult to obtain in South America, and their lack creates serious impediments to systematic, ecological, and zoogeographical research. In the more than 730 titles appearing in the bibliography, the original descriptions and revisions of almost all South American species can be found.

Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates, Fourth Edition: Keys to Neotropical Hexapoda, Volume Three, provides a guide for identifying and evaluating a key subphylum, hexapoda, for Central America, South America and the Antarctic. This book is essential for anyone working in water quality management, conservation, ecology or related fields in this region, and is developed to be the most modern and consistent set of taxonomic keys available. It is part of a series that is designed to provide a highly comprehensive, current set of keys for a given bioregion, with all keys written in a consistent style. This series can be used for a full spectrum of interested readers, from students, to university professors and government agencies. - Includes zoogeographic coverage of the entire Neotropics, from central México and the Caribbean Islands, to the tip of South America - Identifies aquatic springtails (Collembola) and insects to the genus level for many groups, and family or subfamily level for less well known taxa - Presents multiple keys, from higher to lower taxonomic levels that are appropriate for each users' level of scientific knowledge and needs - Provides a general introduction and sections on limitations, terminology and morphology, material preparation and preservation, and references

This work was begun to provide keys to the aquatic insect species known from Brazil. The original goal was to include all genera known from South America and all species from Brazil, but for most groups, the scope was expanded to encompass all species in South America, and, in some cases, to include terrestrial species of orders comprising both terrestrial and aquatic taxa. In no case is a taxonomic revision of any group undertaken, although recommendations for such revisions are included where appropriate, and probable synonymy of nominal species still treated as valid in the literature is noted. Two different approaches will be employed according to the taxon being treated. For phylogenetic groups encompassing overwhelmingly or exclusively aquatic species, such as the orders Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera or the families Dytiscidae and Culicidae, keys are provided to distinguish all genera and species known to occur in South America. An effort has been made to include every identifiable species so that the user ofthe key can determine with reasonable certainty whether or not his specimen belongs to a species that has already been described or whether it is one that is not yet known to science. Where feasible, complete keys will be prepared for groups containing both aquatic and terrestrial species that do not encompass an extraordinarily large number ofspecies. This has already been done for the order Collembola.

Anisoptera, the first of two volumes on the Odonata, encompasses the large dragonfly species. To help readers understand naming conventions, a brief introductory biological review of the group includes illustrations of the main morphological features as well as explanations of alternative systems for naming the wing veins and other structures. The text introduces keys to facilitate identification of adult dragonflies and the known larvae. Beyond anatomical features, the keys include the known ranges of the species, synonyms, and citations of literature. The book is richly illustrated with pen and ink drawings of thousands of individual morphological structures.