The ancient sources for the life and times of Zenobia are sparse, and the surviving literary works are biased towards the Roman point of view, much as are the sources for two other famous women who challenged Rome, Cleopatra and Boudica. In Empress Zenobia, Pat Southern seeks to tell the other side of the legendary 3rd century queen's place in history. As queen of Palmyra (present-day Syria), Zenobia was acknowledged in her lifetime as beautiful and clever, gathering round her at the Palmyrene court writers and poets, artists and philosophers. It was said that Zenobia claimed descent from Cleopatra, which cannot be true but is indicative of how she saw herself and how she intended to be seen by others at home and abroad. This lively narrative explores the legendary queen and charts the progression of her unequivocal declaration, not only of independence from Rome, but of supremacy. Initially, Zenobia acknowledged the suzerainty of the Roman Emperors, but finally began to call herself Augusta and her son Vaballathus Augustus. There could be no clearer challenge to the authority of Rome in the east, drawing the Emperor Aurelian to the final battles and the submission of Palmyra in AD 272. Zenobia's story has inspired many melodramatic fictions but few factual volumes of any authority have been published. Pat Southern's book is a lively account that is both up to date and authoritative, as well as thoroughly engaging.

When Zenobia takes control of her own fate, will the gods punish her audacity? Zenobia, the proud daughter of a Syrian sheikh, refuses to marry against her will. She won’t submit to a lifetime of subservience. When her father dies, she sets out on her own, pursuing the power she believes to be her birthright, dreaming of the Roman Empire’s downfall and her ascendance to the throne. Defying her family, Zenobia arranges her own marriage to the most influential man in the city of Palmyra. But their union is anything but peaceful―his other wife begrudges the marriage and the birth of Zenobia’s son, and Zenobia finds herself ever more drawn to her guardsman, Zabdas. As war breaks out, she’s faced with terrible choices. From the decadent halls of Rome to the golden sands of Egypt, Zenobia fights for power, for love, and for her son. But will her hubris draw the wrath of the gods? Will she learn a “woman’s place,” or can she finally stake her claim as Empress of the East? This book was previously published by Lake Union Publishing, from 2015 - 2022.

Preface -- Map -- 1. Inventing Zenobias: pen, brush and chisel -- 2. Zenobia - 'a brigand or, more accurately, a woman' -- 3. Bride of the desert: deliberately inventing Palmyra -- 4. Persia resurgent: the crisis of the third century -- 5. Just another usurper? The political legacy of the first Mr Zenobia -- 6. Arms and the woman: Zenobia goes to war -- 7. The French connection: guardians of the Rhine -- 8. Warrior and showman: the 'puzzling' emperor Aurelian -- 9. Showdown: Aurelian versus Zenobia's cooking-pot men -- 10. The end of the affair: golden chains and silver statue -- 11. Re-assessing Zenobia: 'a celebrated female sovereign' -- Appendix A. Odenathus' (alleged) titles: what did they mean? -- Appendix B. The Zenobia-Aurelian coalition theory and P.Wisc. 1.2 -- Notes -- Bibliography and abbreviations -- Index.

The rebellion of the dazzling Arab queen Zenobia against the fist of Roman domination

A landmark work of Jewish history and a worldwide phenomenon when it was first published, this masterpiece of Jewish history was translated in multiple languages and instantly become the de facto standard in the field. German academic HEINRICH GRAETZ (1817-1891) brings a sympathetic Jewish perspective to the story of his own people, offering readers today an affectionate, passionate history, not a detached, clinical one. Backed by impeccable scholarship and originally published in German across 11 volumes between 1853 and 1875, this six-volume English-language edition was abridged under the direction of the author, and brought to American readers by the Jewish Publication Society of America in 1891. It remains an important work of the study of the Jewish religion and people to this day. Volume II, subtitled From the Reign of Hyrcanus (135 B.C.E) to the Completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 C.E.), opens with the siege of Jerusalem and the rise of the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes, and continues through the decline of the Roman Empire and an exploration of the contents and spirit of the Babylonian Talmud.