A general electromagnetic scattering formulation is presented for the situation in which a perfectly conducting body is embedded in a horizontally or radially stratified medium. The electric field integro-differential equation (EFIDE) and magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) are derived for the determination of the surface current density induced on the body by a general class of sources. Expressions are also presented for the use of the current density to determine the electric and magnetic fields scattered by the body into any layer of the medium. Detailed expressions for the MFIE and EFIDE are presented for the horizontally stratified two-layered medium configuration corresponding to the object being in a vacuum half-space above a lossy half-space. A computer code, which is an extended version of NEC-2A, is developed for the solution of the two-layer MFIE for a situation where the object is a model of an aircraft. Results corresponding to special cases obtained by this computer code are compared to experimental data as well as to numerical results obtained by another independently developed computer code.

In this thesis, novel surface and hybrid integral equation solvers have been developed for the electromagnetic scattering from inhomogeneous objects in a layered medium. To evaluate the layered medium Green's functions (LMGFs) efficiently, a new extraction procedure is developed which is valid for any kind of source-field point combination. The extraction procedure is implemented appropriately for each individual term of the integrand and the contribution of the each term is calculated analytically. To calculate the scattered electric and magnetic fields from homogeneous objects of arbitrary shape embedded in a layered medium, the surface integral equation is solved by using the Method of Moments (MoM). Then, its exterior part is utilized as a radiation boundary condition for the finite-element method (FEM) which allows the objects inside the surface to be arbitrarily inhomogeneous. For the sake of computational efficiency, the sparse and symmetric FEM matrix is stored by using a row-indexed scheme to reach its the non-zero elements quickly. The coupled FEM/MoM matrix solved by using the biconjugate-gradient (BCG) method which requires O(KN2) CPU time and O( N2) memory, where N is the number of unknowns and K is the number of iterations. The CPU time for the evaluation of LMGFs is reduced by a simple interpolation technique. The overall accuracy and efficiency of the developed method are supported with several examples including two and three-dimensional inhomogeneous and composite structures. For the 2D case, it is shown that a spectral accuracy in the integral can be achieved by using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and the subtraction of singularities in Green's functions. The number of points on the radiation boundary is only around 5 points per wavelength, that gives substantial saving in memory and CPU time requirements.

Electromagnetic Scattering is a collection of studies that aims to discuss methods, state of the art, applications, and future research in electromagnetic scattering. The book covers topics related to the subject, which includes low-frequency electromagnetic scattering; the uniform asymptomatic theory of electromagnetic edge diffraction; analyses of problems involving high frequency diffraction and imperfect half planes; and multiple scattering of waves by periodic and random distribution. Also covered in this book are topics such as theories of scattering from wire grid and mesh structures; the electromagnetic inverse problem; computational methods for transmission of waves; and developments in the use of complex singularities in the electromagnetic theory. Engineers and physicists who are interested in the study, developments, and applications of electromagnetic scattering will find the text informative and helpful.

Whenever a wave encounters an obstacle a number of processes occur. For large objects we envisage reflection and transmission with refraction and, in ·many cases, absorption. These phenomena can be described with the aid of ray tracing or geometrical optics, but they do not completely describe the interaction. Diffraction also occurs, and this can only be described by the properties of waves, wave optics. When the object is less than or of the order of the wavelength these processes cannot be so simply understood. The whole interaction is governed by wave optics, and the interactions are lumped together under the heading 'scattering'. Associated with the above there may be changes in frequency of the wave. This may arise due to the Doppler effect if the obstacle is moving or changing in time in any way. Also there can be changes in the energy of the object which must be matched by the wave, such as, for example, in the Raman effect.

This self-contained and accessible book provides a thorough introduction to the basic physical and mathematical principles required in studying the scattering and absorption of light and other electromagnetic radiation by particles and particle groups. For the first time the theories of electromagnetic scattering, radiative transfer, and weak localization are combined into a unified, consistent branch of physical optics directly based on the Maxwell equations. A particular focus is given to key aspects such as time and ensemble averaging at different scales, ergodicity, and the physical nature of measurements afforded by actual photopolarimeters. Featuring over 120 end-of-chapter exercises, with hints and solutions provided, this clear, one-stop resource is ideal for self-study or classroom use, and will be invaluable to both graduate students and researchers in remote sensing, physical and biomedical optics, optical communications, optical particle characterization, atmospheric physics and astrophysics.

This is the first book devoted specifically to the problem of light scattering and absorption by inhomogeneous and anisotropic spherical particles. Unlike other books in the field, Electromagnetic Scattering in Disperse Media pays considerable attention to various aspects of light absorption inside particles, including internal field distributions, MDR resonances, and absorption in restricted regions inside particles. It contains many results (and more than 100 figures) computed for polydisperse particle systems and algorithms and provides the possibility to use them (web site). Although the main emphasis is given to optical properties of atmospheric aerosol, the book also deals with many other practical applications involving inhomogeneous and anisotropic particles