The development of radioimmunoassay (RIA) by R.S. Yalow and S.A. Berson in 1959 opens up a new avenue in ultra sensitive analysis of trace substances in complex biological systems. In recognition of the enormous contributions of RIA to basic research in biology and to routine clinical tests in laboratory medicine, R.S. Yalow, the co-developer of RIA, was awarded, in 1977, the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. The basic principle of RIA is elegantly simple. It is based on a specific, competitive binding reaction between the analyte and the radio-labeled analog of the analyte for the specific antibody raised to the analyte. The combination of high specificity and affinity of an antibody molecule makes it a very versatile analytical reagent capable of reacting specifically with analytes at a very low concentration in a complex solution such as serum. The sensitivity of RIA is provided by using a radioactive tracer.

This book broadly reviews the modem techniques and significant applications of chemical sensors and biosensors. Chapters are written by experts in the field – including Professor Joseph Wang, the most cited scientist in the world and renowned expert on sensor science who is also co-editor. Each chapter provides technical details beyond the level found in typical journal articles, and explores the application of chemical sensors and biosensors to a significant problem in biomedical science, also providing a prospectus for the future.This book compiles the expert knowledge of many specialists in the construction and use of chemical sensors and biosensors including nitric oxide sensors, glucose sensors, DNA sensors, hydrogen sulfide sensors, oxygen sensors, superoxide sensors, immuno sensors, lab on chip, implatable microsensors, et al. Emphasis is laid on practical problems, ranging from chemical application to biomedical monitoring and from in vitro to in vivo, from single cell to animal to human measurement. This provides the unique opportunity of exchanging and combining the expertise of otherwise apparently unrelated disciplines of chemistry, biological engineering, and electronic engineering, medical, physiological. Provides user-oriented guidelines for the proper choice and application of new chemical sensors and biosensors Details new methodological advancements related to and correlated with the measurement of interested species in biomedical samples Contains many case studies to illustrate the range of application and importance of the chemical sensors and biosensors

Electrochemical Sensor Analysis (ECSA) presents the recent advances in electrochemical (bio)sensors and their practical applications in real clinical, environment, food and industry related samples, as well as in the safety and security arena. In a single source, it covers the entire field of electrochemical (bio)sensor designs and characterizations. The 38 chapters are grouped in seven sections: 1) Potentiometric sensors, 2) Voltammetric sensors, 3) Electrochemical gas sensors 4) Enzyme-based sensors 5) Affinity biosensors 6) Thick and thin film biosensors and 7) Novel trends. Written by experts working in the diverse technological and scientific fields related to electrochemical sensors, each section provides an overview of a specific class of electrochemical sensors and their applications. This interdisciplinary text will be useful for researchers and professionals alike. Covers applications and problem solving (sensitivity, interferences) in real sample analysis Details procedures to construct and characterize electrochemical (bio)sensors

"Covers the most recent methods and materials for the construction, validation, analysis, and design of electrochemical sensors for bioanalytical, clinical, and pharmaceutical applications--emphasizing the latest classes of enantioselective electrochemical sensors as well as electrochemical sensors for in vivo and in vitro diagnosis, for DNA assay and HIV detection, and as detectors in flow systems. Contains current techniques for the assay or biochemical assay of biological fluids and pharmaceutical compounds."

A one-of-a-kind book discussing drug-membrane sensors in pharmaceutical analysis Pharmaceutical Applications of Membrane Sensors is the first book to deal with the theory of drug-membrane sensors, as well as applications of such devices in pharmaceutical analysis. The book contains three main parts. The three major sections of the book cover the design and principles of membrane drug sensors, the use of membrane sensors in the analysis of pharmaceuticals, and various aspects of drug release monitoring by membrane sensors. Detailed analytical methods for more than 400 organic pharmaceuticals assayed by membrane sensor techniques are presented. Pharmaceutical Applications of Membrane Sensors will be a valuable reference for specialists in analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry, electroanalytical chemistry, medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, and pharmacology.

Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay fills a niché in the field of immunoassay and immunology. Although solid-phase immunoassay constitutes a major technology in biology and medicine, there is no comprehensive source devoted to the immunochemical principles involved. As a result, this book will benefit students, technicians, and researchers who use this technology, as well as immunodiagnostic and biotech companies who develop the technology. The book is not a methods manual; instead, it incorporates the concepts, data, and opinions of more than 25 investigators working in this field. Topics discussed include: the chemistry of solid-phases, the behavior or antibodies and antigens on solid phases, membrane solid-phases, reaction kinetics, antigen quantitation, enzyme systems, photophysics, immunochemical considerations in data analyses, multianalyte assays and occupancy concepts, antibody quantitation, streptavidin, a review of data analysis software, and solid-phase peptide immunoassay.

Considers a new generation of sensors for use in industrial processes, which measure the chemical environment directly by means of a biological agent mainly enzymes so far. Various specialists from Europe, the US, and Japan identify the device's place in their disciplines; review the principles of m