The number of heavy-duty construction vehicles is increasing significantly with growing urban development causing poor air quality and higher emissions. The electrification of construction vehicles is a way to mitigate the resulting air pollution and emissions. In this book, we consider tracked bulldozers, as an example, to demonstrate the approach and evaluate the benefits of the electrification of construction vehicles. The book is intended for senior undergraduate students, graduate students, and anyone with an interest in the electrification of heavy vehicles. The book begins with an introduction to electrification of heavy-duty construction vehicles. The second chapter is focused on the terramechanics and interactions between track and blades with soil. The third chapter presents the architecture and modeling of a series hybrid bulldozer. Finally, the fourth chapter discusses energy management systems for electrified heavy construction vehicles.

This volume of "Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Second Edition," covers the electrification of vehicles, which is key to a sustainable future of transportation in both light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle sectors to address global concerns of climate change, air pollutant emissions, energy efficiency and energy security. Vehicle electrification includes several existing and emerging technologies and powertrain architectures such as conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrids with various electric driving range, short- and long-range battery electric vehicles, as well as hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Electrification will be key to connected autonomous vehicles, which are perceived to improve mobility, increase safety, reduce energy consumption and infrastructure costs, improve productivity, decrease traffic congestion and increase customer satisfaction. While electrification of vehicle technologies is relatively mature, technology improvement and economies of scale are needed to compete against incumbent technologies and to realize their benefits in the marketplace. Significant infrastructure development is needed in the case of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and to a lesser extent for plug-in electric vehicles. Vehicle efficiency improvement is sought through a combination of several approaches, including weight reduction, engine downsizing, increased engine compression ratio with high octane fuels, and the use of compression ignition engines with low octane fuels. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are needed in applications where high storage energy density is required such as long-haul class-8 combination heavy-duty trucks. Shared mobility is another emerging concept that enables access to transportation services on an as-needed basis. This approach can enhance accessibility to transportation, decrease number of vehicles on the road, reduce energy use and impact on the environment, reduce cost of transportation and the need for parking, and reduce transportation time between origin and destination. In all, the reader will receive a comprehensive introduction to electric vehicles and technology trends, including energy storage, in light-, medium-, and heavy-duty sectors, as well as the infrastructure development that will be required to realize these benefits for society.

Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles: From Concept to Reality presents a step-by-step design and development guide for heavy-duty electric vehicles. It also offers practical insights based on the commercial application of an electric city bus. Heavy-duty electric vehicle design is challenging due to a lack of clear understanding of the government policies, R&D directions and uncertainty around the performance of various subsystems in an electric powertrain. Therefore, this book discusses key technical aspects of motors, power electronics, batteries and vehicle control systems, and outlines the system integration strategies necessary for design and safe operation of electric vehicles in practice. This comprehensive book serves as a guide to engineers and decision makers involved in electric vehicle development programs and assists them in finding the suitable electric powertrain solution for a given heavy-duty vehicle application. Offers an overview of various standards and regulations that guide the electric vehicle design process and a comprehensive discussion on various government policies and incentive schemes propelling the growth of heavy electric vehicle markets across the world Provides a comparative evaluation of different electric drivetrain concepts and a step-by-step power calculation guide for heavy-duty electric powertrain Explains material selection and manufacturing methods for next generation batteries Discusses key elements and design rules for creating a robust high voltage energy storage system, appropriate packaging and its support systems including charging network Includes a concise description of torque mapping, power management and fault handling strategies for inverter drive and control systems Features case studies to better understand complex topics like charging system requirements and vehicle control system diagnostics

Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles: From Concept to Reality presents a step-by-step design and development guide for heavy-duty electric vehicles. It also offers practical insights based on the commercial application of an electric city bus. Heavy-duty electric vehicle design is challenging due to a lack of clear understanding of the government policies, R&D directions and uncertainty around the performance of various subsystems in an electric powertrain. Therefore, this book discusses key technical aspects of motors, power electronics, batteries and vehicle control systems, and outlines the system integration strategies necessary for design and safe operation of electric vehicles in practice. This comprehensive book serves as a guide to engineers and decision makers involved in electric vehicle development programs and assists them in finding the suitable electric powertrain solution for a given heavy-duty vehicle application. - Offers an overview of various standards and regulations that guide the electric vehicle design process and a comprehensive discussion on various government policies and incentive schemes propelling the growth of heavy electric vehicle markets across the world - Provides a comparative evaluation of different electric drivetrain concepts and a step-by-step power calculation guide for heavy-duty electric powertrain - Explains material selection and manufacturing methods for next generation batteries - Discusses key elements and design rules for creating a robust high voltage energy storage system, appropriate packaging and its support systems including charging network - Includes a concise description of torque mapping, power management and fault handling strategies for inverter drive and control systems - Features case studies to better understand complex topics like charging system requirements and vehicle control system diagnostics

Transportation systems play a major role in the reduction of energy consumptions and environmental impact all over the world. The significant amount of energy of transport systems forces the adoption of new solutions to ensure their performance with energy-saving and reduced environmental impact. In this context, technologies and materials, devices and systems, design methods, and management techniques, related to the electrical power systems for transportation are continuously improving thanks to research activities. The main common challenge in all the applications concerns the adoption of innovative solutions that can improve existing transportation systems in terms of efficiency and sustainability.

The urgent need for vehicle electrification and improvement in fuel efficiency has gained increasing attention worldwide. Regarding this concern, the solution of hybrid vehicle systems has proven its value from academic research and industry applications, where energy management plays a key role in taking full advantage of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). There are many well-established energy management approaches, ranging from rules-based strategies to optimization-based methods, that can provide diverse options to achieve higher fuel economy performance. However, the research scope for energy management is still expanding with the development of intelligent transportation systems and the improvement in onboard sensing and computing resources. Owing to the boom in machine learning, especially deep learning and deep reinforcement learning (DRL), research on learning-based energy management strategies (EMSs) is gradually gaining more momentum. They have shown great promise in not only being capable of dealing with big data, but also in generalizing previously learned rules to new scenarios without complex manually tunning. Focusing on learning-based energy management with DRL as the core, this book begins with an introduction to the background of DRL in HEV energy management. The strengths and limitations of typical DRL-based EMSs are identified according to the types of state space and action space in energy management. Accordingly, value-based, policy gradient-based, and hybrid action space-oriented energy management methods via DRL are discussed, respectively. Finally, a general online integration scheme for DRL-based EMS is described to bridge the gap between strategy learning in the simulator and strategy deployment on the vehicle controller.

Automobiles have played an important role in the shaping of the human civilization for over a century and continue to play a crucial role today. The design, construction, and performance of automobiles have evolved over the years. For many years, there has been a strong shift toward electrification of automobiles. It started with the by-wire systems where more efficient electro-mechanical subsystems started replacing purely mechanical devices, e.g., anti-lock brakes, drive-by-wire, and cruise control. Over the last decade, driven by a strong push for fuel efficiency, pollution reduction, and environmental stewardship, electric and hybrid electric vehicles have become quite popular. In fact, almost all the automobile manufacturers have adopted strategies and launched vehicle models that are electric and/or hybrid. With this shift in technology, employers have growing needs for new talent in areas such as energy storage and battery technology, power electronics, electric motor drives, embedded control systems, and integration of multi-disciplinary systems. To support these needs, universities are adjusting their programs to train students in these new areas of expertise. For electric and hybrid technology to deliver superior performance and efficiency, all sub-systems have to work seamlessly and in unison every time and all the time. To ensure this level of precision and reliability, modeling and simulation play crucial roles during the design and development cycle of electric and hybrid vehicles. Simscape, a Matlab/Simulink toolbox for modeling physical systems, is an ideally suited platform for developing and deploying models for systems and sub-systems that are critical for hybrid and electric vehicles. This text will focus on guiding the reader in the development of models for all critical areas of hybrid and electric vehicles. There are numerous texts on electric and hybrid vehicles in the market right now. A majority of these texts focus on the relevant technology and the physics and engineering of their operation. In contrast, this text focuses on the application of some of the theories in developing models of physical systems that are at the core of hybrid and electric vehicles. Simscape is the tool of choice for the development of these models. Relevant background and appropriate theory are referenced and summarized in the context of model development with significantly more emphasis on the model development procedure and obtaining usable and accurate results.