In northern Idaho, years of tension between Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) seed farmers who use open-field burning to dispose of post-harvest residue and citizen groups oppose the burning because of impacts to air quality have increasingly compounded social conflict. For years, the state agencies that make public policies for field burning have been accused of colluding with growers' organizations. Although the opposition to the practice often cites the impacts of air pollution from agricultural burning activities on human health, it remains unclear as to whether a body of scientific evidence supports the claim that the burning contributes to the degree of increased air pollution in the ambient air in the burning areas as claimed by stakeholders opposed to the burning. A recent change in the state rule making process toward more systematic stakeholder collaboration creates a synergy for diffusing the conflict. Distinguishing between the public's perception of air quality due to agricultural field burning and the measured content of air pollution helps state resource managers understand the extent to which Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) burning is of great concern in the communities in northern Idaho. In addition, a policy analysis of the conflict provides a framework for a better partnership among the stakeholders. Using the results of a telephone survey of the general public conducted in the first trimester of 2004 on air quality and KBG field burning, as well as air pollution measurements from air monitoring sites, this study shows a strong link between the perceived air quality and the air quality measurement data in northern Idaho, with some divergences on the temporal scale of the air pollution. The results also demonstrate support of other empirical findings that socio-demographic elements such as gender, location, and involvement in agricultural activities play an important role in how people perceive environmental risk. The policy analysis identifies and explains how the contributions of past and current policies either increase or decrease the tension and regional conflict by not taking into account health concerns from burning activities in northern Idaho.

Grassland farming in Europe was already established during the settlement of the rst farmers together with their domesticated animals after the last ice age. Since then, grassland provides the forage basis to feed ruminant animals for the p- duction of meat and milk. Depending on the ecological conditions and intensity of usage, various plant communities with different species developed, displaying a rich biodiversity. With the introduction of improved crop rotations at the end of the 16th century, grasses and legumes were also grown to an important extent as forage crops on arable land. In the last decades the importance of amenity grasses increased markedly, due to the demand of the society for new usages like landscape protection. Around 1900 interested farmers and academics identi ed the need for gra- land improvement through systematic selection and seed production. This marks the beginning of breeding and research in companies but also at universities and specialized research institutes. Plant collection started with many of the species that are still of importance today. The collected materials were grouped according to the intended use and some type of phenotypic selection was applied. Seed mul- plication of such populations was performed in pure stands and the harvested seed was marketed. Although the vegetative biomass and its quality are of utmost imp- tance in forage crop breeding, it is the seed yield potential which determines the commercial success of a new variety.