During Cleveland's Great Depression, in an age of turmoil and time of upheaval, grew the first seeds of American Nazism. Complete with swastika flags, Hitler Youth, armed fascists and alleged intricate Jewish/Communist conspiracies, Cleveland was caught in the tempest of the frightening rise of National Socialism. The city fostered an explicitly Nazi German-American Bund, a covert Silvershirt Legion detachment and prominent diplomatic agents from the Third Reich, furiously struggling to advance the cause of American fascism. These elements came crashing headlong into the stiff resistance of the press, Jewish groups, and most prominently the city's German-American community. Festooned with photos, and meticulously documented, this book examines the fundamental, timeless questions of American allegiance, the responsibilities of democratic governance, the security threats of "Un-American" activities, and the passions, motivations and dreams of American immigrants. In the most unlikely of places, here is a case-study true story of the fascinating, bewildering and terrifying rise of American Nazism.

Clevelanders are rediscovering the richness of their history, and the encyclopedia project has played a vital role in this process. -- Northwest Ohio Quarterly These two volumes clearly establish a standard for encyclopedias devoted to city history and biography. -- Choice Both volumes are interesting to read and are useful reference tools. -- American Reference Books Annual The first edition of this remarkable encyclopedia was published in 1987 to enthusiastic reviews. Out of print for several years, the Encyclopedia is now being reissued in an expanded, two-volume format to commemorate the bicentennial of Cleveland's founding. Volume One, The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, contains more than 2000 entries, 150 photographs, maps and charts. Volume Two, the Dictionary of Cleveland Biography, with over 1600 entries, is the first major biographical guide to Cleveland published since the 1920s.

The story of white flight and the neglect of Black urban neighborhoods has been well told by urban historians in recent decades. Yet much of this scholarship has downplayed Black agency and tended to portray African Americans as victims of structural forces beyond their control. In this history of Cleveland's Black middle class, Todd Michney uncovers the creative ways that members of this nascent community established footholds in areas outside the overcrowded, inner-city neighborhoods to which most African Americans were consigned. In asserting their right to these outer-city spaces, African Americans appealed to city officials, allied with politically progressive whites (notably Jewish activists), and relied upon both Black and white developers and real estate agents to expand these "surrogate suburbs" and maintain their livability until the bona fide suburbs became more accessible. By tracking the trajectories of those who, in spite of racism, were able to succeed, Michney offers a valuable counterweight to histories that have focused on racial conflict and Black poverty and tells the neglected story of the Black middle class in America's cities prior to the 1960s.