Approximately one-third of about four thousand known exoplanets are possibly rocky in nature. The chemical and physical diversity of rocky exoplanets is well beyond that of the rocky planets of our solar system; Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. In this thesis, we investigate the mineralogy, structure, evolution, and habitability of rocky exoplanets by implementing laboratory and computational tools from geosciences. We derive a new ab initio equation of state of iron using density functional theory valid at and beyond the core pressures of super-Earths. We show that extrapolations of equations of state to pressures beyond their validity range result in significant errors in estimating the interior properties of planets. We perform high-pressure high-temperature experiments on chemical mixtures representative of the bulk composition of carbon-rich rocky exoplanets and find that graphite (and diamond, depending on pressure) is the dominant carbon-bearing mineral. Such exoplanets likely contain an iron-rich core, a silicate mantle, and a graphite outer shell. We also show that silicon carbide, another carbon-bearing mineral thought to be an important constituent of these exoplanets, is stable only if all oxidized iron in the planetary interior is reduced to its metallic state. Using a parameterized mantle convection model, we compute the thermal evolution of rocky exoplanets with a graphite outer shell and find that the graphite shell exhibits a thermal shielding effect resulting in a slower cooling of the planet. A priori these graphite-shell exoplanets are likely uninhabitable because of a lack of life-building elements at their surface other than carbon, however thin graphite shells might still allow habitability.

**The Cosmic Frontier Embark on an Extraordinary Journey Beyond Our Solar System** Unlock the mysteries of the universe and explore the vast expanse beyond our solar system with "The Cosmic Frontier." This compelling eBook offers an in-depth look at the fascinating world of exoplanets and the groundbreaking techniques used to study them. Whether you're a seasoned astronomy enthusiast or new to the subject, this comprehensive guide is your gateway to understanding the latest discoveries in exoplanet science. Discover the allure of exoplanets, planets that orbit stars beyond our Sun, beginning with their captivating history and the reasons why their study is paramount in modern astronomy. Dive into the various methods scientists use to detect these distant worlds, from the Transit Method to Gravitational Microlensing, each unveiling secrets hidden in the cosmos. With detailed chapters on the Kepler Space Telescope and its monumental discoveries, "The Cosmic Frontier" highlights how this mission has shaped our understanding of space and what lies ahead. Explore the concept of the Goldilocks Zone, identifying conditions necessary for life and examining potentially habitable exoplanets that have captured worldwide attention. Beyond gas giants and super-Earths, the book introduces an array of diverse exoplanets, including rogue planets and water worlds. Learn about the ongoing search for extraterrestrial life and the role of SETI in this intriguing quest, while examining how exoplanets have permeated popular culture. Future prospects in exoplanet research appear bright, with upcoming missions, technological advances, and international collaboration paving the way. Take a closer look at spectroscopy and ground-based telescopes that have revolutionized the study of exoplanetary atmospheres. "The Cosmic Frontier" delves into the formation of exoplanets, comparative planetology, citizen science, and the ethical implications of discovering life. Engage with visionary chapters that ask the big questions in exoplanet science and provide practical tools for aspiring astronomers. Immerse yourself in captivating case studies of iconic exoplanets, from the TRAPPIST-1 system to Proxima Centauri b, and gain insights into current trends and future challenges in this ever-evolving field. Journey through "The Cosmic Frontier" and inspire the next generation of explorers with the wonders of the universe.

Part 1: Introduction to Exoplanets This section sets the stage for the captivating world of exoplanets. It begins by shattering the traditional view of a singular solar system and reveals the vast multitude of exoplanets estimated to exist in our Milky Way. You'll explore different types of stars and their potential for hosting planets, understanding how diverse the stellar landscape is. Next, you'll journey through the thrilling "Hunt for Alien Worlds," learning about the various methods scientists use to detect these distant objects. From the transit method that tracks starlight dips to the radial velocity technique that measures star wobbles, this section unveils the ingenuity and challenges of exoplanet discovery. You'll also meet powerful space telescopes like Kepler, TESS, and James Webb, playing crucial roles in this cosmic detective work. Wrapping up Part 1 is a "Gallery of Exoplanet Diversity," showcasing the incredible variety of planets found beyond our solar system. From rocky super-Earths and gas giants like Jupiter to scorching hot Jupiters and potential ocean worlds, you'll discover the awe-inspiring range of planetary characteristics out there. The chapter even introduces intriguing rogue planets, solitary wanderers unbound to any star. Part 2: Unveiling the Secrets of Exoplanets Now that you've met these fascinating worlds, Part 2 takes you on a journey to uncover their secrets. "Peering into Atmospheres" explores how scientists analyze the light filtering through planets' atmospheres, searching for chemical signatures like water vapor, methane, and oxygen - potential fingerprints of life. This section emphasizes the challenges of atmospheric characterization and the cutting-edge techniques used to overcome them. Moving on, "The Habitability Puzzle" delves into the concept of the habitable zone, the orbital range where liquid water, a key ingredient for life as we know it, could exist on a planet's surface. You'll explore factors affecting habitability, like stellar radiation, atmosphere composition, and internal heat, gaining a deeper understanding of what might make a planet life-friendly. This section also introduces the exciting search for Earth-like planets and the hunt for biosignatures, potential biological markers. Finally, "Life Beyond Earth" delves into the realm of astrobiology, the study of life beyond our planet. This chapter explores different possibilities for life forms on exoplanets, ranging from extremophiles thriving in harsh environments to potentially complex organisms. You'll also learn about the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) and ongoing SETI programs, raising the tantalizing question: Are we alone in the universe? Part 3: The Future of Exoplanet Exploration With a sense of wonder about the future, Part 3 takes you on a voyage towards what's next. "Next-Generation Telescopes and Missions" introduces groundbreaking instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope and the European Extremely Large Telescope, showcasing the technological advancements driving exoplanet research. This section highlights the exciting possibility of directly imaging Earth-like planets, offering unprecedented glimpses into these distant worlds. However, exploration comes with responsibility. "The Ethical Considerations" explores the potential impact of finding extraterrestrial life on humanity and emphasizes the importance of planetary protection protocols to avoid contaminating exoplanets. This section underlines the necessity of international collaboration in exoplanet research, ensuring global stewardship in this endeavor.

Welcome to the forefront of knowledge with Cybellium, your trusted partner in mastering the cutting-edge fields of IT, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Security, Business, Economics and Science. Designed for professionals, students, and enthusiasts alike, our comprehensive books empower you to stay ahead in a rapidly evolving digital world. * Expert Insights: Our books provide deep, actionable insights that bridge the gap between theory and practical application. * Up-to-Date Content: Stay current with the latest advancements, trends, and best practices in IT, Al, Cybersecurity, Business, Economics and Science. Each guide is regularly updated to reflect the newest developments and challenges. * Comprehensive Coverage: Whether you're a beginner or an advanced learner, Cybellium books cover a wide range of topics, from foundational principles to specialized knowledge, tailored to your level of expertise. Become part of a global network of learners and professionals who trust Cybellium to guide their educational journey. www.cybellium.com

A memoir of a young man’s dream of space flight and deep diving, Bending Atmospheres is a dazzling adventure recounting daring, heroic professionals learning to work at undersea pressures to 1,000 feet sea water and in the vacuum of orbital space traveling at 18,000 miles an hour. Readers are taken through the early development of deep diving tri-mix, nitrox and neon diving gas mixtures and decompression tables, to early diving in the treacherous North Sea, National Geographic expeditions seeking famed sunken treasure, and methods used to train astronauts for space walks to repair the Hubble Space Telescope. “Bold, daring, exciting adventures – fraught with danger befitting James Bond – are at the heart of this valuable contribution to the literature of how humans developed techniques, protocols, and different breathing gas mixtures for survival, working, and exploration in both the deep sea and space environment by one of the men directly involved in those developments.” - Bernie Chowdhury – Author – The Last Dive For more information visit: www.bendingatmospheres.com.

The majority of books dealing with prospects for interstellar flight tackle the problem of the propulsion systems that will be needed to send a craft on an interstellar trajectory. The proposed book looks at two other, equally important aspects of such space missions, and each forms half of this two part book. Part 1 looks at the ways in which it is possible to exploit the focusing effect of the Sun as a gravitational lens for scientific missions to distances of 550 AU and beyond into interstellar space. The author explains the mechanism of the Sun as a gravitational lens, the scientific investigations which may be carried out along the way to a distance of 550 AU (and at the 550 AU sphere itself), the requirements for exiting the Solar System at the highest speed and a range of project ideas for missions entering interstellar space. Part 2 of the book deals with the problems of communicating between an interstellar spaceship and the Earth, especially at very high speeds. Here the author assesses a range of mathematical tools relating to the Karhunen-Loève Transform (KLT) for optimal telecommunications, technical topics that may one day enable humans flying around the Galaxy to keep in contact with the Earth. This part of the book opens with a summary of the author’s 2003 Pešek Lecture presented at the IAC in Bremen, which introduces the concept of KLT for engineers and ‘newcomers’ to the subject. It is planned to include a DVD containing the full mathematical derivations of the KLT for those interested in this important mathematical tool whilst the text itself will contain the various results without outlines of the mathematical proofs. Astronautical engineers will thus be able to see the application of the results without getting bogged down in the mathematics.

A group of explorers slipped underground, hoping to discover the way to the bottom of the world's deepest cave. If they succeeded, they'd set a world record. But first, they have to survive the journey.