1. Evolution of dissolution testing 5; 2. Theory of dissolution 11; 3. Theoretical concepts for the release of a drug from dosage forms 37; 4. Effect of the physicochemical properties of the drug on dissolution rate 53; 5. Factors affecting the rate of dissolution of solid dosage forms 73; 6. Effects of storage and packaging on the dissolution of drug formulations 107; 7. Factors relating to the dissolution apparatus 115; 8. Effect of the test parameters on dissolution rate 145; 9. Dissolution of suspensions 173; 10. Dissolution of topical dosage forms (creams, gels, and ointments) 189; 11. Dissolutions of suppositories 205; 12. Dissolution characteristics of controlled-release systems 215; 13. Methods for enhancement of the drug-dissolution characteristics 265; 14. Developing a new dissolution method 285; 15. Bioavailability, definitions and historical perspective 297; 17. In vitro modeling for drug absorption 315; 18. Pharmacokinetic considerations in bioavailability studies 335; 19. Bioavailability and variations in drug blood levels 367; 20. Bioavailability and the biologic response 385; 21. Measurements of bioavailability 399; 22. General issues to be considered in conducting bioavailability studies 415; 23. Bioavailability of controlled-release dosage forms 425; 24. In vivo release and bioavailability of topical preparations 437; 25. Methods for enhancement of bioavailability 455; 26. Bioequivalence: general definitions 477; 27. Bioequivalence: case histories 481; 28. Correlation of in vitro rate of dissolution with in vivo bioavailability 491; 29. Determination of bioequivalence and its regulatory aspects 517; 30. The official bioequivalence protocols and therapeutic equivalence 533.

Explore the cutting-edge of dissolution testing in an authoritative, one-stop resource In Pharmaceutical Dissolution Testing, Bioavailability, and Bioequivalence: Science, Applications, and Beyond, distinguished pharmaceutical advisor and consultant Dr. Umesh Banakar delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date reference covering the established and emerging roles of dissolution testing in pharmaceutical drug development. After discussing the fundamentals of the subject, the included resources go on to explore common testing practices and methods, along with their associated challenges and issues, in the drug development life cycle. Over 19 chapters and 1100 references allow practicing scientists to fully understand the role of dissolution, apart from mere quality control. Readers will discover a wide range of topics, including automation, generic and biosimilar drug development, patents, and clinical safety. This volume offers a one-stop resource for information otherwise scattered amongst several different regulatory regimes. It also includes: A thorough introduction to the fundamentals and essential applications of pharmaceutical dissolution testing Comprehensive explorations of the foundations and drug development applications of bioavailability and bioequivalence Practical discussions about solubility, dissolution, permeability, and classification systems in drug development In-depth examinations of the mechanics of dissolution, including mathematical models and simulations An elaborate assessment of biophysiologically relevant dissolution testing and IVIVCs, and their unique applications A complete understanding of the methods, requirements, and global regulatory expectations pertaining to dissolution testing of generic drug products Ideal for drug product development and formulation scientists, quality control and assurance professionals, and regulators, Pharmaceutical Dissolution Testing, Bioavailability, and Bioequivalence is also the perfect resource for intellectual property assessors.

This comprehensive reference provides an in-depth discussion on state-of-the-art regulatory science in bioequivalence. In sixteen chapters, the volume explores a broad range of topics pertaining to bioequivalence, including its origin and principles, statistical considerations, food effect studies, conditions for waivers of bioequivalence studies, Biopharmaceutics Classification Systems, Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System, bioequivalence modeling/simulation and best practices in bioanalysis. It also discusses bioequivalence studies with pharmacodynamic and clinical endpoints as well as bioequivalence approaches for highly variable drugs, narrow therapeutic index drugs, liposomes, locally acting gastrointestinal drug products, topical products and nasal and inhalation products. FDA Bioequivalence Standards is written by FDA regulatory scientists who develop regulatory policies and conduct regulatory assessment of bioequivalence. As such, both practical case studies and fundamental science are highlighted in these chapters. The book is a valuable resource for scientists who work in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies and academia as well as undergraduate and graduate students looking to expand their knowledge about bioequivalence standards.

Introduction, Historical Highlights, and the Need for Dissolution Testing Theories of Dissolution Dissolution Testing Devices Automation in Dissolution Testing, by William A. Hanson and Albertha M. Paul Factors That Influence Dissolution Testing Interpretation of Dissolution Rate Data Techniques and of In Vivo Dissolution, by Umesh V. Banakar, Chetan D. Lathia, and John H. Wood Dissolution of Dosage Forms Dissolution of Modified-Release Dosage Forms Dissolution and Bioavailability Dissolution Testing and the Assessment of Bioavailability/Bioequivalence, by Santosh J. Vetticaden Dissolution Rediscovered, by John H. Wood Appendix: USP/NF Dissolution Test.

This book is the first text to provide a comprehensive assessment of the application of fundamental principles of dissolution and drug release testing to poorly soluble compounds and formulations. Such drug products are, vis-à-vis their physical and chemical properties, inherently incompatible with aqueous dissolution. However, dissolution methods are required for product development and selection, as well as for the fulfillment of regulatory obligations with respect to biopharmaceutical assessment and product quality understanding. The percentage of poorly soluble drugs, defined in classes 2 and 4 of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), has significantly increased in the modern pharmaceutical development pipeline. This book provides a thorough exposition of general method development strategies for such drugs, including instrumentation and media selection, the use of compendial and non-compendial techniques in product development, and phase-appropriate approaches to dissolution development. Emerging topics in the field of dissolution are also discussed, including biorelevant and biphasic dissolution, the use on enzymes in dissolution testing, dissolution of suspensions, and drug release of non-oral products. Of particular interest to the industrial pharmaceutical professional, a brief overview of the formulation and solubilization techniques employed in the development of BCS class 2 and 4 drugs to overcome solubility challenges is provided and is complemented by a collection of chapters that survey the approaches and considerations in developing dissolution methodologies for enabling drug delivery technologies, including nanosuspensions, lipid-based formulations, and stabilized amorphous drug formulations.

Dissolution testing is used in the pharmaceutical industry to determine a drug's bioavailability and the bioequivalence of two drugs. Hanson details the techniques used, and provides guidelines for starting and operating a program. First published "nearly ten years ago." Available from Aster Publishing Corporation, 859 Willamette Street, Eugene OR 97440. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR