Direct numerical simulation of two-phase ow is used extensively for engineering research and fundamental fluid physics studies [54, 81]. This study is based on the Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) method, originally created by Hirt and Nicols [30]. This method has gained increased popularity, especially when geometric advection techniques are used coupled with a planar reconstruction of the interface [14, 89]. The focus of the first part of this work is to investigate the hydrodynamics of isothermal cavitation in large bubble clouds, which originated from a larger study of micro-spalling [61], conducted by the French CEA. A method to deal with volume-changing vapour cavities, or pores, was formulated and implemented in an existing code, PARIS . The ow is idealized by assuming an inviscid liquid, negligible thermal effects and vanishing vapour pressure. A novel investigation of bubble cloud interaction in an expanding liquid using direct or detailed numerical simulation is presented. The simulation results reveal a pore competition, which is characterised by the Weber number in the ow. In the second part of the study the governing equations are extended to describe incompressible ow with phase change [79]. The description of the work commences with the derivation of the governing equations. Following this, a novel, geometric based, VOF solution method is proposed. In this method a novel way of advecting the VOF function is invented, which treats both mass and energy conservation in conservative form. New techniques include the advection of the interface in a discontinuous velocity field. The proposed algorithms are consistent and elegant, requiring minimal modifications to the existing code. Numerical experiments demonstrate accuracy, robustness and generality. This is viewed as a significant fundamental development in the use of VOF methods to model phase change.

The book summarises the outcom of a priority research programme: 'Analysis, Modelling and Computation of Multiphase Flows'. The results of 24 individual research projects are presented. The main objective of the research programme was to provide a better understanding of the physical basis for multiphase gas-liquid flows as they are found in numerous chemical and biochemical reactors. The research comprises steady and unsteady multiphase flows in three frequently found reactor configurations, namely bubble columns without interiors, airlift loop reactors, and aerated stirred vessels. For this purpose new and improved measurement techniques were developed. From the resulting knowledge and data, new and refined models for describing the underlying physical processes were developed, which were used for the establishment and improvement of analytic as well as numerical methods for predicting multiphase reactors. Thereby, the development, lay-out and scale-up of such processes should be possible on a more reliable basis.

This thesis aims at developing numerical methods based on level-set techniques suitable for the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of free surface and interfacial flows, in order to be used on basic research and industrial applications. First, the conservative level-set method for capturing the interface between two fluids is combined with a variable density projection scheme in order to simulate incompressible two-phase flows on unstructured meshes. All equations are discretized by using a finite-volume approximation on a collocated grid arrangement. A high order scheme based on a flux limiter formulation, is adopted for approximating the convective terms, while the diffusive fluxes are centrally differenced. Gradients are computed by the least-squares approach, whereas physical properties are assumed to vary smoothly in a narrow band around the interface to avoid numerical instabilities. Surface tension force is calculated according to the continuous surface force approach. The numerical method is validated against experimental and numerical data reported in the scientific literature. Second, the conservative level-set method is applied to study the gravity-driven bubbly flow. Unlike the cases presented in the first part, a periodic boundary condition is applied in the vertical direction, in order to mimic a channel of infinite length. The shape and terminal velocity of a single bubble which rises in a quiescent liquid are calculated and validated against experimental results reported in the literature. In addition, different initial arrangements of bubble pairs were considered to study its hydrodynamic interaction, and, finally the interaction of multiple bubbles is explored in a periodic vertical duct, allowing their coalescence. In the third part of this thesis, a new methodology is presented for simulation of surface-tension-driven interfacial flows by combining volume-of-fluid with level-set methods. The main idea is to benefit from the advantage of each strategy, which is to minimize mass loss through the volume-of-fluid method, and to keep a fine description of the interface curvature using a level-set function. With the information of the interface given by the volume-of-fluid method, a signed distance function is reconstructed following an iterative geometric algorithm, which is used to compute surface tension force. This numerical method is validated on 2D and 3D test cases well known in the scientific literature. The simulations reveal that numerical schemes afford qualitatively similar results to those obtained by the conservative level-set method. Mass conservation is shown to be excellent, while geometrical accuracy remains satisfactory even for the most complex cases involving topology changes. In the fourth part of the thesis a novel multiple marker level-set method is presented. This method is deployed to perform numerical simulation of deformable fluid particles without numerical coalescence of their interfaces, which is a problem inherent to standard interface tracking methodologies (e.g. level-set and volume of fluid). Each fluid particle is described by a separate level-set function, thus, different interfaces can be solved in the same control volume, avoiding artificial and potentially unphysical coalescence of fluid particles. Therefore, bubbles or droplets are able to approach each other closely, within the size of one grid cell, and can even collide. The proposed algorithm is developed in the context of the conservative levelset method, whereas, surface tension is modeled by the continuous surface force approach. The pressure-velocity coupling is solved by the fractional-step projection method. For validation of the proposed numerical method, the gravity-driven impact of a droplet on a liquid-liquid interface is studied; then, the binary droplet collision with bouncing outcome is examined, and finally, it is applied on simulation of gravity-driven bubbly flow in a vertical column. The study of these cases contributed to shed some light into physics present in bubble and droplet flows.

This text describes several computational techniques that can be applied to a variety of problems in thermo-fluid physics, multi-phase flow, and applied mechanics involving moving flow boundaries. Step-by-step discussions of numerical procedures include multiple examples that employ algorithms in problem-solving. In addition to its survey of contemporary numerical techniques, this volume discusses formulation and computation strategies as well as applications in many fields. Researchers and professionals in aerospace, chemical, mechanical, and materials engineering will find it a valuable resource. It is also an appropriate textbook for advanced courses in fluid dynamics, computation fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and numerical methods.

This book contains selected papers of the 11th OpenFOAM® Workshop that was held in Guimarães, Portugal, June 26 - 30, 2016. The 11th OpenFOAM® Workshop had more than 140 technical/scientific presentations and 30 courses, and was attended by circa 300 individuals, representing 180 institutions and 30 countries, from all continents. The OpenFOAM® Workshop provided a forum for researchers, industrial users, software developers, consultants and academics working with OpenFOAM® technology. The central part of the Workshop was the two-day conference, where presentations and posters on industrial applications and academic research were shown. OpenFOAM® (Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation) is a free, open source computational toolbox that has a larger user base across most areas of engineering and science, from both commercial and academic organizations. As a technology, OpenFOAM® provides an extensive range of features to solve anything from complex fluid flows involving chemical reactions, turbulence and heat transfer, to solid dynamics and electromagnetics, among several others. Additionally, the OpenFOAM technology offers complete freedom to customize and extend its functionalities.

In this book experts discuss research and applications in interfacial fluid dynamics.

Accurately predicting the behaviour of multiphase flows is a problem of immense industrial and scientific interest. Modern computers can now study the dynamics in great detail and these simulations yield unprecedented insight. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to direct numerical simulations of multiphase flows for researchers and graduate students. After a brief overview of the context and history the authors review the governing equations. A particular emphasis is placed on the 'one-fluid' formulation where a single set of equations is used to describe the entire flow field and interface terms are included as singularity distributions. Several applications are discussed, showing how direct numerical simulations have helped researchers advance both our understanding and our ability to make predictions. The final chapter gives an overview of recent studies of flows with relatively complex physics, such as mass transfer and chemical reactions, solidification and boiling, and includes extensive references to current work.