A definitive, accessible, and reliable resource which provides a solid foundation of the knowledge and basic science needed to hone all of the core surgical skills used in surgical settings. Presented in a clear and accessible way it addresses the cross-specialty aspects of surgery applicable to all trainees.

PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IS COMMON, PARTICULARLY IN THE ELDERLY, AND POSES A HIGH RISK OF LONG-TERM SUFFERING, AMPUTATION AND PREMATURE DEATH: Peripheral arterial disease is the result of ischaemia (insufficient blood flow) in the lower extremities. In the great majority of cases, the cause is atherosclerosis - which is among the most common diseases and one that rarely affects the blood vessels of the lower extremities alone, but rather the entire cardiovascular system. Thus, all patients who have symptoms of peripheral arterial disease should be assessed for risk of atherosclerosis. Peripheral arterial disease in its mild form may be limited to intermittent claudication, pain in the lower extremities that is triggered by exertion but that ceases during rest. When ischaemia is chronic, critical or acute - characterised by stenosed or occluded blood vessels - peripheral arterial disease increases the risk of tissue death (gangrene), amputation and premature death. Because atherosclerosis - the primary cause of peripheral arterial disease - can progress for a long time without producing any direct symptoms, the number of people who have the disease is unknown. The risk increases with age, and peripheral arterial disease occurs among an estimated 10% of people over 60 years. Half (more than 5,000) of the invasive procedures that are performed every year at Swedish hospitals for vascular diseases seek to restore blood flow in patients with various forms of peripheral arterial disease. RESEARCH NEEDS: Multicentre randomised trials could be arranged in Sweden to address two key questions:1. Which therapy is better for intermittent claudication - intervention or walking training and best medical treatment?2. Which therapy is better for critical limb ischaemia - surgical/endovascular intervention or best medical treatment?

Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related conditions cause more than 40 percent of all deaths globally, and their substantial burden is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Their burden extends well beyond health effects to include significant economic and societal consequences. Most of these conditions are related, share risk factors, and have common control measures at the clinical, population, and policy levels. Lives can be extended and improved when these diseases are prevented, detected, and managed. This volume summarizes current knowledge and presents evidence-based interventions that are effective, cost-effective, and scalable in LMICs.

Structural and functional abnormalities of arteries and veinsmanifest clinically in a broad spectrum of disorders, includinganeurysmal disease, atherosclerosis, vasculitis, venousinsufficiency, microvascular complications, thrombo-embolism andlower limb ulceration. Many of these are common and/orchronic conditions which present for initial assessment by primaryhealth care workers. This new edition is a practical guide to the most commonlypresenting disorders, and provides a structured approach toclinical assessment, investigations and management. The lastfew years have seen major changes in the use of non-invasive orminimally-invasive techniques, e.g wider use of CT and MRangiography, and increasing use of percutaneous interventions forcarotid, lower limb and reno-vascular disease. The ABC of Arterial and Venous Disease (Second Edition)explains the underlying technology and the applications of newminimally-invasive methods, especially CT and MRI, and provides anup-dated, evidence-based guide to the modern day management ofpatients with common, life-threatening diseases involving differentparts of the circulation. This authoritative, full-colour, illustrated ABC is anideal reference for the primary care, non-specialist practitionerto base effective management and prevention programmes.

A comprehensive review the state-of-the-art in atherosclerosis of the arteries of the legs and feet. The authors discuss in detail the primary symptom-claudication-an intermittent pain in the leg or foot while walking, its predisposing factors, the current diagnostic methodologies, the impressive advances in the therapeutic armamentarium, and the need to screen for co-existing coronary artery disease. Additional chapters describe cutting-edge noninvasive angiography and vascular flow studies, specific drug therapy for claudication, regression of atherosclerosis therapy, gene therapy, and drug eluting stents for peripheral arterial disease. The authors also examine the epidemiology of LEAD, the effects of smoking and effective smoking cessation programs, its pathogenesis and its association with lipid abnormalities and hypertension, aggressive risk factor modification, and the need to measure the ankle brachial index of every patient over 45.