This much anticipated volume looks at the historical evolution of towns and cities in medieval India from the early thirteenth to the late eighteenth century. The selection is based on the availability of documents. These include the narratives of European travellers in English, French, Italian, Dutch, and German with the exception of Ibn Battuta in mid-fourteenth century and also Middle Bengali literature in case of towns in Bengal. While the coastal towns and cities have been looked at, the interior ones are also described on the basis of the writings of later historians and archaeologists. Care has been taken to explain the rise, growth and the decline of some towns and cities in which the changing courses of rivers had played a crucial role. Attempts have been made to search other factors responsible for such eventualities. The delineation of physical features within the city has been given due emphasis including the different quarters of the city and the manners and customs of the local population with reference to craft production and commercial links. The morphological differences between the cities of eastern and those of the western or northern India have also been described. This is clear from the observations of port towns described here. All these would show that India was one of the most urbanized area in the medieval period before advent of the British.

Rastram, supranation, is about a golden page in the history of human civilizations. It is an opportunity to realize almost 2 millennia of dharam-dhamma values enshrined in the hearts of over 2 billion people along the nations of the Indian Ocean Rim. This is a compilation of insights, analyses and excerpts from works of by many savants and scholars about Hindu history. Rastram is a federation of peoples' republics - a supranational covenant as the true foundation of an organized Indian Ocean Community (IOC) -- a counterpoise to European Community. This IOC should remain open to all nations of Indian Ocean Rim. The states located along the rim from South Africa to Tasmania is a Community which has the attributes of Rastram. The Hindu historical traditions and the amended UN Law of the Sea help use the potential to create a 6 trillion dollar GDP and to provide for enhanced welfare of over 2 billion people. Along the 63,000 mile long rim, work can start on Trans-Asian Highway and Railway Projects and strengthen the bonds of civilizational heritage.The 1994 modified Law of the Sea extends territorial waters into 200 nautical miles from the baseline as economic zones. This historical account of Hindu history is an attempt to delineate the wealth of nations, along the Indian Ocean Rim. Together, these nations neighboring the Ocean, can chart out a path for establishing Rastram in dharma-dhamma continuum. This account provides the portraits from Hindu history on the travails of a nation caught in the throes of civilizational clashes onslaughts during mediaeval periods of barbarism and loots of 17th to 20th century periods of a British Colonial empire and the 21st century in a swarajyam Hindusthan by post-colonial marauders, suffocating the potential for forming a Rastram. This account is clearly NOT intended to be a chronologically organized Hindu history for two millennia until 2000 CE. Portraits are presented of political economy on the banks of Hindu civilization in modern epoch for the last two millennia. It is a record since the turn of the Common Era, informed by earlier five millennia of history of Sanatana Dharma in Bharata Rastram. trans. 'I am the Rastra moving people together for abhyudayam...) Hindu history is presented as a quest for the establishment of such a Rastram.IOC a supranational foundation to remove vestiges of colonial loot, to make such a loot unthinkable and materially impossible and reinforce democracy of all nations along the IOC rim as janapada (peoples' republics) for peoples' welfare (abhyudayam) governed by the inexorable, Hindu sanatana traditional ethic: dharma-dhamma.This book is a tribute to George Coedes who concluded, after a study of fourteen centuries of history of Southeast Asia: " the importance of studying the Indianized countries of Southeast Asia- which, let us repeat, were never political dependencies of India, but rather cultural colonies - lies above all in the observation of the impact of Indian civilization on the primitive civilizations... We can measure the power of penetration of this culture by the importance of that which remains of it in these countries even though all of them except Siam passed sooner or later under European domination and a great part of the area was converted to Islam...we may ask ourselves if the particular aspect assumed by Islam in Java was not due rather to the influence that Indian religions exercised over the character of the inhabitant of the island for more than ten centuries...The literary heritage from ancient India is even more apparent that the religious heritage. Throughout the entire Indian period, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, and the Puranas were the principal, if not the only, sources of inspiration for local literature, to which was added the Buddhist folklore of the Jatakas, still makes up the substance of the classical theatre, of the dances, and of the shadow-plays and puppet theatre."

More a continent than a county, India is an overload for the senses. From the Himalayan peaks of Sikkim to the tropical backwaters of Kerala, the desert forts of Rajasthan to the mangroves of West Bengal, India's breathtaking diversity of landscapes is matched only by its range of cultures, cuisines, religions and languages. The new, full-colour Rough Guide to India gives you the lowdown on this beguiling country, whether you want to hang out in hyper-modern cities or explore thousand-year-old temples, track tigers through the forest or take part in age-old festivals, get a taste of the Raj or watch a cricket match. And easy-to-use maps, reliable transport advice, and expert reviews of the best hotels, restaurants, bars, clubs and shops for all budgets ensure that you won't miss a thing. Make the most of your time with The Rough Guide to India. Now available in ePub format.

B.Ed. is considered to be one of the best courses in India for teaching purposes and the Nalanda Open University situated in the state of Bihar known for its excellent quality of education for this course. One needs to clear Common Entrance Test in order to get admissions in B.Ed. Courses. The present study guide named “Nalanda Open University Bihar B.Ed. Common Entrance Test 2020” is designed to provide entire syllabus based on the latest exam pattern. Current Affairs are mentioned right in the beginning of this book to enrich the general awareness of the students. The complete syllabus is divided into chapters under various key sections in this book including General English Comprehension, Hindi Bhasha, Logical and Analytical Reasoning, General Knowledge, Teaching and Learning Environment in Schools in simple language for quick and easy understanding of the concepts of the various topics. This book also consists of Previous Years’ Solved Papers 2019 & 2018and 3 Practice Sets for self-evaluation. Facilitating chapterwise notes on each topic of the syllabus with more than 3000 MCQs for Practice, it is a complete study resource for this upcoming B.Ed. Entrance exam. TABLE OF CONTENT Current Affairs Solved Papers 2019, Solved Papers 2018, General English Comprehension, Hindi Bhasha, Logical and Analytical Reasoning, General Knowledge, Teaching and Learning Environment in Schools, 3 Practice Sets.