This book aims to provide critical information about the U.S. Constitution, with special emphasis on search and seizure. It will help law enforcement officers to increase their legal knowledge about search and seizure and create a framework for effective problem solving and decision making in the field. It is practically written and focuses on practical ideas. To help the reader develop analytic abilities for practice, brief quotations from U.S. Supreme Court cases reveal legal reasoning by justices. An important feature of the book is the translation of the U.S. Supreme Court cases into practical guidance. Captions for sections allow the reader to locate materials on topics of concern, such as conducting search and seizure in a particular context. The organization of the book facilitates both learning and teaching. There are also legal and criminal justice terms that are defined for the reader. Close to one hundred U.S. Supreme Court cases are reviewed, and a list of cases by chapter is also provided. It will be useful to not only trainees and students but also to experienced veterans in providing an in-depth understanding of the Fourth Amendment and the underlying principles, which is essential for making effective judgments in real-life law enforcement situations. It also provides attorneys, forensic specialists, and law enforcement personnel already in the field with valuable information for professional development.

The tension between national security and freedom of expression and information is both acute and multifaceted. Without national security, basic human rights are always at risk. On the other hand, the tendency of governing elites to confuse `the life of the nation' with their own survival has often resulted in excessive restrictions on expression and information, as well as other fundamental rights. A proper balance between secrecy and liberty requires a vigilant press and an independent judiciary. It also requires greater clarity than currently exists as to how competing rights and interests should be weighed. This book addresses that gap. Its centerpiece is a set of Principles drafted by a group of international and national law experts, many of whom contributed chapters, to guide governments, courts and international bodies in how to strike a proper balance. The Principles have been widely endorsed, among others by United Nations experts on freedom of expression and independence of judges and lawyers. Sixteen country studies - profiling, among other states, Albania, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Norway, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - explore the tremendous diversity of national security doctrines and the penal and other measures aimed at suppressing allegedly secret information and speech claimed to be subversive, separatist or otherwise dangerous. Five chapters examine the cases considered and approaches taken by the UN Human Rights Committee, three regional human rights bodies, and the European Court of Justice. A Commentary draws on the other chapters to support and elucidate the Principles, noting where they reflect an existing consensus and the points at which they attempt to elicit a more rights-protective approach.