The Council of Nicea was not merely clerics in a dark and ornate hall. It was brawls in churchyards. It was emperors and governors fighting to save the empire ... and perhaps salvage a little fame for themselves. It was political intrigues as the governments of church and state blended into a volatile stew.It was the way a fringe group of peace-loving communal worshipers of a crucified Palestinian prophet conquered the Roman Empire.

The Council of Nicea was not merely clerics in a dark and ornate hall. It was brawls in churchyards. It was emperors and governors fighting to save the empire ... and perhaps salvage a little fame for themselves. It was political intrigues as the governments of church and state blended into a volatile stew. It was the way a fringe group of peace-loving communal worshipers of a crucified Palestinian prophet conquered the Roman Empire.

Constantine and the Council of Nicaea plunges students into the theological debates confronting early Christian church leaders. Emperor Constantine has sanctioned Christianity as a legitimate religion within the Roman Empire but discovers that Christians do not agree on fundamental aspects of their beliefs. Some have resorted to violence, battling over which group has the correct theology. Constantine has invited all of the bishops of the church to attend a great church council to be held in Nicaea, hoping to settle these problems and others. The first order of business is to agree on a core theology of the church to which Christians must subscribe if they are to hold to the "true faith." Some will attempt to use the creed to exclude their enemies from the church. If they succeed, Constantine may fail to achieve his goal of unity in both empire and church. The outcome of this conference will shape the future of Christianity for millennia. Free supplementary materials for this textbook are available at the Reacting to the Past website. Visit https://reacting.barnard.edu/instructor-resources, click on the RTTP Game Library link, and create a free account to download what is available.

The subject of this book is politics and religion, the relationship between Constantine and Christianity. Something happened in the reign of the Emperor Constantine that transformed both politics and religion in Europe, and anyone who seeks to understand modern Christianity must analyze this transformation and its consequences. The reign of Constantine is remembered as the victory of Christianity over the Roman Empire; the subtitle of the book indicates a more ominous assessment: ""the triumph of ideology."" Through a careful analysis of the sources, Dr. Kee argues that Constantine was not in fact a Christian and that the sign in which he conquered was not the cross of Christ but a political symbol of his own making. However, that is only the beginning of the story. For Constantine, religion was part of an imperial strategy, and the second part of this book shows just what that strategy was. Here is the development which marks a transition to a further stage, the way in which by using Christianity for his own ends, Constantine transformed it into something completely different. Constantine, Dr. Kee argues, along with his biographer and panegyrist Eusebius, succeeded in replacing the norms of Christ and the early church with the norms of imperial ideology. Why it has been previously thought that Constantine was a Christian is not because what he believed was Christian, but because what he believed came to be called Christian. And that represents ""the triumph of ideology."""

The Fifth-Century Political Battles That Forever Changed the Church In this fascinating account of the surprisingly violent fifth-century church, PhilipJenkins describes how political maneuvers by a handful of powerful charactersshaped Christian doctrine. Were it not for these battles, today’s church could beteaching something very different about the nature of Jesus, and the papacy as weknow it would never have come into existence. Jesus Wars reveals the profoundimplications of what amounts to an accident of history: that one faction ofRoman emperors and militia-wielding bishops defeated another.

The purpose of this book is to answer the following questions by presenting answers based on primary sources and interpretation by scholars, as well as logical deductions drawn from relevant research: 1.Did Jesus Christ ever exist? 2.Did the Roman Emperor Constantine and the Church of Rome transform Serapis Christus into Jesus Christ? 3.Did the Council of Nicea vote Christ as God? 4.Did the Council of Nicea decided on the number of books that should be in the New Testament? 5.Is there evidence that Jesus Christ had a wife, children and bloodline that can be traced into the French royalty? 6.Why did the Vatican destroy tens of thousands of early Judeo-Christian scrolls of the Old and New Testament? 7.Are God's chosen people Indo-European as portrayed in the West or African as the blacks of the Sub-Sahara and Africans in Diaspora (African-Americans)? 8.Has white ethnocentrism and nationalism transform the image, purpose, message, and value of Christianity? If so, is this transformation a contradiction? 9.What is the lasting legacy of the Council of Nicea and its impact on Christianity? The book examines the interpretations of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Nag Hammadi library by Abdul Osman, the renowned Egyptian scholar/researcher. He has written Out of Egypt, The Hebrew Pharaohs of Egypt, Moses and Akhenaten, Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs, and Christianity: An Ancient Egyptian Religion. The Dead Sea Scrolls and Nag Hammadi library was discovered shortly after the end of World War II. The library was first published in 1977, it includes unpublished gospels of the New Testament. The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal the Jewish/Christian sect based on historical Jesus hundreds of years before the Roman Church's acknowledgement of the birth of Jesus Christ under the domain of the Roman empire. The Egypt of ancient times was known as "the land of the blacks" or Kemet for its people rather than the rich soil along the banks of the Nile as interpreted by Eurocentric pundits who see North and Northeast Africa as an extension of Europe. The evidence drawn from the unblemished remains and artifacts of pharaohs demonstrate that the people of Kemet are the ancestors of the blacks of Sub-Saharan Africa and Africans in Diaspora (African-Americans). Dynastic Kemet reigned over all civilization for thousands of years. It was the creator of all modern religions. Constant Indo-European and Asiatic invasions, along with internal strife and Nubian rebellions, led to hegemony by outsiders that have declined since the end of World War II and absolute control over colonial possessions. The present Arabic population that dominates North and Northeast Africa (today's Middle East) are Indo-European invaders that have held these lands since the 8th century. This population is more aligned with the Indo-European West than the non-Moslem population in their midst and south of the Sahara. They readily sold these non-believers into slavery until it was prohibited by Western nations. The book explores how Eurocentrism denies the truth about Black Africa's role in ancient and world history, as well as the development of modern Christianity. It examines the deplorable effects on the psyche of Africans in Diaspora and intra-racial victimization from street crime to national politics. The book also describes how Christianity have become anti-Christian and serve the interest of evil, envy, narcissism, intolerance and greed by disconnecting itself from the African authors of the gospel and their message.