Crete has always attracted the interest of scholars in modern times not only because of the archaeological discoveries of Sir Arthur Evans, but also because of its rich history and the particular cultural traits and traditions resulting from the fact that the island has been at the centre of geographical, cultural and religious crossroads. The fifteen papers included in this volume explore original aspects of the Cretan cultural and historical tradition, give original insights into already established fields and underline from the vantage point of their own particular discipline its distinctive character and impact. As a result of such a thematic variety, this volume will be of interest not only to scholars and students of modern Greek studies, but also Renaissance Studies, comparative literature, cultural and social history and anthropology, and travel literature, as well as historical linguistics and dialectology.

This book presents a comprehensive study of the literature of the Cretan Renaissance and relates it to its historical, social and cultural context. Crete, ruled by Venice from 1211 to 1669, responded to the stimulus of contact with the Renaissance in a body of narrative, personal and dramatic poetry, written in the Cretan dialect, and now regarded as an important influence on Modern Greek literature. The historical background is related to an examination of the structure of Veneto-Cretan society, while the central chapters concentrate on the literary texts including tragedy, comedy, pastoral and religious drama.

Aristocratic Society in Ancient Crete, first published in 1955, investigates the emergence and progress of Dorian society on Crete from the 8th century BC onwards. The major contribution of Cretan culture in this period was in the field of law – law and order are traditionally linked, and Dorian Crete remained steadfast in its pursuit of order. The author offers an explanation for the protracted aristocratic character of Cretan society, basing his study on the crucial Code of Gortyna. The primitive foundations of the social system are examined, illuminating the tribal institutions which formed the basis of the aristocratic states which developed. The four classes of the Cretan states, and the mutual relations of these classes, are defined, and the stages whereby family institutions developed are analysed. Finally, political and judicial organisation is scrutinised, and the Cretan culture is situated in the wider horizon of Mediterranean civilisation.

Obwohl die Insel Kreta reiches Material zur Untersuchung von Fragen bietet, die im Mittelpunkt der Forschungen zur gesellschaftlichen Organisation im frühen Griechenland stehen, liegt die Beschäftigung mit der archaischen und klassischen Periode Kretas seit jeher am Rand des altertumswissen¬schaftlichen Interesses. Die Beiträge des Tagungsbandes analysieren aus archäologischer und historischer Sicht die strukturellen Veränderungsprozesse, die sich während der archaisch-klassischen Zeit in den kretischen Bürgerstaaten vollzogen. Erstmals werden damit die unterschiedlichen Forschungsansätze der einzelnen Disziplinen zu einer einheitli¬chen Perspektive zusammengeführt. An mehreren Beispielen wird gezeigt, wie es der kretischen Aristokratie gelang, den Prozess der Poliswerdung aktiv zu gestalten und eine stabile, da institutionalisierte Adelsherrschaft zu etablieren. Deutlich wird zudem, dass die Veränderungen in der materiellen Kultur, die seit dem Ende des 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. durch eine zunehmende Austerität gekennzeichnet ist, Manifestationen des strukturellen Wandels der politischen und sozialen Organisation der kretischen Poleis waren.

An ethnographic study of a Greek island community’s culture in the face of modern times. Sfakians on the island of Crete are known for their distinctive dress and appearance, fierce ruggedness, and devotion to traditional ways. Konstantinos Kalantzis explores how Sfakians live with the burdens and pleasures of maintaining these expectations of exoticism for themselves, for their fellow Greeks, and for tourists. Sfakian performance of masculine tradition has become even more meaningful for Greeks looking to reimagine their nation’s global standing in the wake of stringent financial regulation, and for non-Greek tourists yearning for rootedness and escape from the post-industrial north. Through fine-grained ethnography that pays special attention to photography, Tradition in the Frame explores the ambivalence of a society expected to conform to outsiders’ perception of the traditional even as it strives to enact its own vision of tradition. From the bodily reenactment of historical photographs to the unpredictable, emotionally-charged uses of postcards and commercial labels, the book unpacks the question of power and asymmetry but also uncovers other political possibilities that are nested in visual culture and experiences of tradition and the past. Kalantzis explores the crossroads of cultural performance and social imagination where the frame is both empowerment and subjection. “In this original, beautifully written, and often moving monograph, Konstantinos Kalantzis has produced a lasting contribution to the anthropological study of contemporary Europe. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, Tradition in the Frame explores with exquisite detail a number of timely themes—the social life of photographs, conflicting tourist and local images of Crete, the performance of gender stereotypes, and the complex tension between tradition and modernity. The author’s ability to view the world through the eyes of natives and foreigners, and to deconstruct visual signs and symbols, is nothing short of stunning. For anyone interested in Europe and the Mediterranean world today, this richly documented and theoretically sophisticated volume is a must read.” —Stanley Brandes “Tradition in the Frame is a richly innovative ethnography focusing on the visual dimensions of modern Cretan mythmaking, and especially on the material reproduction and negotiation of time-honored stereotypes of warrior masculinity. Writing of a society that has largely shifted its economy from shepherding to tourism, Kalantzis incisively demonstrates how the realities of commercial exploitation and socio-political change re-frame familiar images of a society at once proudly central to the symbolism of national identity and yet also still reluctant to accept the merest hint of intrusive authority.” —Michael Herzfeld

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Michael Herzfeld describes what happens when a bureaucracy charged with historic conservation clashes with a local populace hostile to the state and suspicious of tourism. Focusing on the Cretan town of Rethemnos, once a center of learning under Venetian rule and later inhabited by the Turks, he examines major questions confronting conservators and citizens as they negotiate the "ownership" of history: Who defines the past? To whom does the past belong? What is "traditional" and how is this determined? Exploring the meanings of the built environment for Rethemnos's inhabitants, Herzfeld finds that their interest in it has more to do with personal histories and the immediate social context than with the formal history that attracts the conservators. He also investigates the inhabitants' social practices from the standpoints of household and kin group, political association, neighborhood, gender ideology, and the effects of these on attitudes toward home ownership. In the face of modernity, where tradition is an object of both reverence and commercialism, Rethemnos emerges as an important ethnographic window onto the ambiguous cultural fortunes of Greece.