Excerpt from Cours Complet d'Économie Politique Pratique, Vol. 2: Ouvrage Destiné A Mettre Sous les Yeux des Hommes d'État, des Propriétaires Fonciers Et des Capitalistes, des Savants, des Agriculteurs, des Manufacturiers, des Négociants, Et en Général de Tous les Citoyens, l'Économie des Sociétés Nous avons vu que les individus dont se composent les nations se distinguent par diverses capacités productives. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

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This is Volume II in a series on Studies in Applied Economics and looks at the theory of the production of social wealth in the areas of agriculture, industry, commerce banking and stock markets. The two volumes form a translation from French of Walras’s two main books, Études d’économie politique appliquée (Théorie de la production de la richesse sociale) (1898) and Études d’économie sociale (Théorie de la répar[1]tition de la richesse sociale) (1896).

This unique troika of Handbooks provides indispensable coverage of the history of economic analysis. Edited by two of the foremost academics in the field, the volumes gather together insightful and original contributions from scholars across the world. The encyclopaedic breadth and scope of the original entries will make these Handbooks an invaluable source of knowledge for all serious students and scholars of the history of economic thought.

The mid-eighteenth century witnessed what might be dubbed an economic turn that resolutely changed the trajectory of world history. The discipline of economics itself emerged amidst this turn, and it is frequently traced back to the work of François Quesnay and his school of Physiocracy. Though lionized by the subsequent historiography of economics, the theoretical postulates and policy consequences of Physiocracy were disastrous at the time, resulting in a veritable subsistence trauma in France. This galvanized relentless and diverse critiques of the doctrine not only in France but also throughout the European world that have, hitherto, been largely neglected by scholars. Though Physiocracy was an integral part of the economic turn, it was rapidly overcome, both theoretically and practically, with durable and important consequences for the history of political economy. The Economic Turn brings together some of the leading historians of that moment to fundamentally recast our understanding of the origins and diverse natures of political economy in the Enlightenment.