This paper will give a general background and overview of the subject matter of 'Corruption' in investor-state arbitration, including a critical examination of the standard and burden of proof in allegations of corruption and fraud in the underlying investment. Essentially, the main emphasis and arguments of this paper will focus on a very important and widely occurring but rarely discussed aspect of corruption in investor-state claim - which is the need for the tribunals to adopt a balanced approach in addressing the issue of corruption as it relates to both the investor and the host state. This is because a vast majority of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) cases reveal that many tribunals tend to adopt a lope-sided approach whereby an investor bears the brunt by losing the protection afforded under a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) whenever a host-state relies on corruption as a 'defense' to a claim, thereby undermining the involvement of the host state which is equally complicit in the alleged corrupt act(s). Many tribunals appear to ignore this glaring reality and even very little commentaries have been written on it in academic literatures. This paper further argues that both the investor and the host-state should be made to face the investment arbitration-specific consequences and neither party should be exculpated. Finally, this paper will also argue that there are a number of practicable ways through which a tribunal can castigate a host-state on allegations of corruption on its part or that of its official(s).

This book offers an exciting overview of how the investor-state dispute settlement mechanism currently deals with allegations and/or evidence of fraud and corruption. It provides a detailed analysis of the legal framework under which arbitral tribunals usually operate in investment disputes involving allegations of illegality. Readers will find step-by-step examinations of the corruption and fraud arguments employed by arbitral tribunals in ten landmark ISDS cases, followed by a chapter summarizing the status quo on the topic. The final part of the book discusses the identified challenges of addressing illegality issues in investment arbitration and potential solutions, including the creation of a multilateral investment court.

This is the first comprehensive study of corruption in international investment arbitration. The book considers the limited effectiveness of efforts to combat transnational corruption in international law and the emergence of international investment arbitration as a singular means foreffective control of corruption within the international legal order. The case law on corruption by investment tribunals is studied exhaustively, jurisprudential trends are identified, and reforms aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and fairness of investment arbitration as a mechanism to combatcorruption are proposed.Divided into three parts, part I focus on the phenomenon of corruption in foreign investment and attempts at its control through international law. Part II analyses the available case law in international investment arbitration dealing with corruption. Llamzon identifies nine distinct trendsemerging from the case law and provides a table summarizing the key areas of corruption decision-making and each relevant tribunal's approach, which is an invaluable tool for practitioners engaging in "live" issues of corruption within arbitral proceedings. Part III reflects on the implications ofthese trends for both the "supply" and "demand" sides of corruption in international law, and proposes a integrative framework of decision for corruption issues in international investment arbitration.

In Addressing Corruption Allegations in International Arbitration, Brody K. Greenwald and Jennifer A. Ivers draw upon their experience in international arbitrations involving allegations of corruption to provide a comprehensive overview of the key issues that arise in these high-stakes cases.

In this article, the authors will provide a broad overview of the issue of corruption in investor-state arbitration, including such issues as burden and standard of proof (arguing, e.g., that it should be different for corruption and fraud). The main sections of the article will cover a special aspect of corruption in investor-state arbitration, which might have become widespread, but remains rarely discussed in academic literature, let alone treated by arbitral tribunals - namely that it takes «two to tango» in instances of corruption. The authors argue that instead of the approach adopted by many Tribunals of shifting the consequences of an act of corruption to one party only (i.e. the investor being then deprived of its protection under the BIT), in reality neither the investor, nor the Respondent State can be exonerated, but have to share the blame for an act of corruption, and therefore face investment arbitration-specific consequences. Finally, the authors look at specific ways in which States may be (and have been) penalized for such conduct in the limited number of investment arbitration cases reported to date.

This volume celebrates the first fifty years of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) by presenting the landmark cases that have been decided under its auspices. These cases have addressed every aspect of investment disputes: jurisdictional thresholds; the substantive obligations found in investment treaties, contracts, and legislation; questions of general international law; and a number of novel procedural issues. Each chapter, written by an expert on the chapter’s particular focus, looks at an international investment law topic through the lens of one or more of these leading cases, analyzing what the case held, how it has been applied, and its overall significance to the development of international investment law. These topics include: - applicable law; - res judicata in investor-State arbitration; - notion of investment; - investor nationality; - consent to arbitration; - substantive standards of treatment; - consequences of corruption in investor-State arbitration; - State defenses - counter-claims; - assessment of damages and cost considerations; - ICSID Arbitration Rule 41(5) objections; - mass claims, consolidation and parallel proceedings; - provisional measures; - arbitrator challenges; - transparency and amicus curiae; and - annulment. Because the law of international investment continues to grow in importance in an ever globalizing world, this book is more than a fitting way to mark the past fifty years and to welcome the next fifty years of development. It will prove both educational for practitioners new to the field and informative for seasoned investment lawyers. Moreover, the book itself is a landmark that will be of great value to professionals, scholars and students interested in international investment law.