This study provides further insights on the key corporate governance drivers of intellectual capital (IC) disclosure in Egyptian companies. It uses IC disclosure index of three components; internal capital, external capital, and human capital to identify IC disclosure level in annual reports of the largest 100 companies listed in the Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX). Descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis, and the association between IC disclosure levels and three potential explanatory corporate governance characteristics namely: (i) board composition, (ii) ownership structure, and (iii) audit committee provide the basis for discussion. The results suggest that blockholders' ownership, government ownership and audit committee are the explanatory variables that could have significant impact on voluntary intellectual capital disclosure by Egyptian companies, whereas board independence, and management ownership has no impact on IC disclosure. Additionally, firm size and leverage do influence IC disclosure levels in Egyptian companies. The survey results may assist regulators to understand the impact of corporate governance factors on companies' IC voluntary disclosure levels and thereby help them specify ways to regulate disclosure on IC in an attempt to improve the quality of information disclosed to stakeholders.

This paper examines the relationship between governance variables and voluntary intellectual capital disclosure in a sample of European biotechnology firms. We extend previous research by simultaneously considering governance mechanisms such as the proportion of independent directors, board dimension, CEO duality, and board structure in relationship to voluntary disclosure on intellectual capital. We understand voluntary disclosure as a multidimensional and complex concept and, hence, use the semantic properties of the information disclosed, and on the content of information, as proxies for the quality of disclosure.Our results suggest that governance-related variables strongly influence the quantity of information disclosed, thus confirming our hypotheses. In regard to the quality of disclosure, our results show that (1) the proportion of independent directors is positively related to the disclosure of internal structure, (2) CEO duality is negatively linked to the disclosure of forward-looking information, and (3) board structure helps to improve the annual report's overall readability. We contribute to agency theory by indicating that corporate governance mechanisms and voluntary disclosure can be used strategically to reduce agency conflicts. The results of this study might be of interest to regulators, investment analysts, and market participants.

Present days economic situations are changing rapidly. In view of liberalization, globalization and privatization, the business organization is more towards following the system which not only caters to the national standard but also to cater information needed by the stakeholders to make decisions about the corporates. Prior studies are underlining that traditional information provided by the companies in the annual reports are not sufficient for the stakeholders to reach into the right decision. Hence the importance of disclosing additional information on intellectual capital and social, environment and governance practices of companies arisen. Such disclosure can give a further hand for the company on the market price and the previous studies are identified that the difference between one company's book value and market value is the effect made by the IC of the company. This paper is given an attempt to identify the extent of intellectual capital disclosure and the nexus between intellectual capital disclosure and corporate governance disclosure of IT companies in India. The study has revealed that the IT companies in India are decently reporting the information on IC for the selected period and the companies are giving more importance for relational capital. The current study identified that there have a significant relationship with IC disclosure and corporate governance disclosure practices among the selected companies.

Contrary to expectations corporate governance structure does not significantly negate the negative moderating influence of proprietary costs on the positive intellectual capital disclosure - ownership retention association. Finally, Paper 6 concentrates on exploring the potential influence of corporate governance structures on intellectual capital disclosure levels. Results indicate a positive (albeit minor) association between an lPO's corporate governance structure and intellectual capital disclosure.