I study the coordination problem of a continuum of agents that compete in an auction on public debt subject to default. The auction is a global game where agents hold incomplete information about the fundamentals of the economy, namely the costs associated with default. I show that there exists a unique symmetric equilibrium, in contrast with the results obtained under complete information. I then add a costly policy choice on debt-financed public spending, made prior to the auction, to see whether the policy maker can affect the coordination outcome; it turns out that the public signal conveyed by the policy restores agents' ability to coordinate and therefore multiplicity of equilibria because intervention signals intermediate fundamentals. These equilibria are different from the complete information benchmark: there are sets of beliefs that sustain the unique symmetric equilibrium irrespectively of the policy choice, while others that entail equilibrium strategies such that bidders will bid high rates if and only if the policy fails to lower spending; the policy maker is then subject to self-fulfilling market expectations.

Current practice for signal timing and signal coordination is to develop and operate a limited number of predetermined time-of-day plans. Coordination plans are commonly developed for and based on weekday morning, mid-day, evening, and weekend peak periods. During the remaining time periods signals are operating either in fully/semi-actuated modes or fixed modes. Engineers often face a dilemma to decide when signals should be coordinated. This project aims at developing quantitative guidelines. One of the most significant benefits of signal coordination is the reduction of number of stops which has received less attention in previous studies. First, a probabilistic model that predicts the expected number of stops on non-coordinated arterials was developed. The model was validated through VISSIM simulation of a real signalized arterial, Sparks Blvd. in Sparks, Nevada. The results confirmed that the model was highly reliable in estimating the number of stops. Based on the probabilistic model, a practical signal timing guideline was developed according to the percentage of stops on non-coordinated arterials. Finally, a case study was conducted to demonstrate the application of the guideline. The same Sparks Blvd. arterial was used in the case study but with various traffic demand conditions. The case study confirmed the practicality of guideline.

This paper introduces signaling in a global game so as to examine the informational role of policy in coordination environments such as currency crises and bank runs. While exogenous asymmetric information has been shown to select a unique equilibrium, we show that the endogenous information generated by policy interventions leads to multiple equilibria. The policy maker is thus trapped into a position in which self-fulfilling expectations dictate not only the coordination outcome but also the optimal policy. This result does not rely on the freedom to choose out-of-equilibrium beliefs, nor on the policy being a public signal; it may obtain even if the policy is observed with idiosyncratic noise.

Plants utilize light not only for photosynthesis but also as environmental signals. They are capable of perceiving wavelength, intensity, direction, duration, and other attributes of light to perform appropriate physiological and developmental changes. This volume presents overviews of and the latest findings in many of the interconnected aspects of plant photomorphogenesis, including photoreceptors (phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins), signal transduction, photoperiodism, and circadian rhythms, in 42 chapters. Also included, is a prologue by Prof. Masaki Furuya that gives an overview of the historical background. With contributions from preeminent researchers in specific subjects from around the world, this book will be a valuable source for a range of scientists from undergraduate to professional levels.

This report serves as a comprehensive guide to traffic signal timing and documents the tasks completed in association with its development. The focus of this document is on traffic signal control principles, practices, and procedures. It describes the relationship between traffic signal timing and transportation policy and addresses maintenance and operations of traffic signals. It represents a synthesis of traffic signal timing concepts and their application and focuses on the use of detection, related timing parameters, and resulting effects to users at the intersection. It discusses advanced topics briefly to raise awareness related to their use and application. The purpose of the Signal Timing Manual is to provide direction and guidance to managers, supervisors, and practitioners based on sound practice to proactively and comprehensively improve signal timing. The outcome of properly training staff and proactively operating and maintaining traffic signals is signal timing that reduces congestion and fuel consumption ultimately improving our quality of life and the air we breathe. This manual provides an easy-to-use concise, practical and modular guide on signal timing. The elements of signal timing from policy and funding considerations to timing plan development, assessment, and maintenance are covered in the manual. The manual is the culmination of research into practices across North America and serves as a reference for a range of practitioners, from those involved in the day to day management, operation and maintenance of traffic signals to those that plan, design, operate and maintain these systems.