This book addresses how cross-linguistic interference is represented in the bilingual mind. Examining novel oral production data from older bilingual children representing two Quechua varieties, this research concludes that interference in the feature specification of functional categories leads to language change in a language contact situation, and links convergence, a common set of feature values for the same functional category in both languages to the activation of features related to the informational structure of the sentence. These mechanisms are illustrated in detail by the presence of overt determiners, canonical SVO word order and the absence of accusative marking in bilingual Quechua and by neutralization of case and gender distinctions in direct object pronouns as well as in the emergence of null pronouns with definite antecedents in bilingual Spanish.

An influential policy thinker and "muse of the Asian Century" ("Foreign Policy") illuminates the contours of our new global civilization, and shows why power must shift to reflect the new reality.

Requirements for next generation networks (NGNs) are fueling an architectural evolution. Service providers are obliged to give users access to content anytime, anyhow, anywhere, on any device. This requires a converged infrastructure in which users across multiple domains can be served through a single unified domain and all network services and business units can be consolidated on a single IP infrastructure. The Fixed Mobile Convergence Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the design, implementation, and management of converged cellular/WiFi wireless networks. This book discusses how FMC is transforming technologies as multimedia ceases to be passively consumed and unidirectional—and becomes increasingly mobile, personalized and interactive. This book also describes ways to ensure that networks remain cost-effective, scalable, reliable, and secure in the face of constant technological evolution. This material encapsulates the state of FMC, covering everything from basic concepts to research-grade material and future directions. Addressing a broad range of topics, the handbook consists of 16 chapters authored by 44 experts from around the world. Subjects include: Femtocell network technology and applications Deployment modes and interference avoidance Architecture for power efficiency Conversational quality and network planning Design of SIP-based mobility management protocols Highly respected in their field, the authors anticipate the key issues and problems that FMC presents—from application inception and deployment to system interconnection and Quality of Service (QoS). Ideal for professional mobile technology designers and/or planners, researchers (faculty members and graduate students), this book provides specific salient features and information that will guide innovation in the 21st century and beyond. Syed Ahson is a senior software design engineer with Microsoft. Previously, he was a senior staff software engineer with Motorola, where he was a leading contributor in the creation of several iDEN, CDMA, and GSM cellular phones. Dr. Mohammad Ilyas is associate dean for research and industry relations at the College of Engineering and Computer Science at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton. A consultant to several national and international organizations, Dr. Ilyas is a member of both the IEEE and ASEE.

Since interference is the main performance-limiting factor in most wireless networks, it is crucial to characterize the interference statistics. The main two determinants of the interference are the network geometry (spatial distribution of concurrently transmitting nodes) and the path loss law (signal attenuation with distance). For certain classes of node distributions, most notably Poisson point processes, and attenuation laws, closed-form results are available, for both the interference itself as well as the signal-to-interference ratios, which determine the network performance. This monograph presents an overview of these results and gives an introduction to the analytical techniques used in their derivation. The node distribution models range from lattices to homogeneous and clustered Poisson models to general motion-invariant ones. The analysis of the more general models requires the use of Palm theory, in particular conditional probability generating functionals, which are briefly introduced in the appendix.

The Only Resource to Cover Wireless, Wireline, and Optical Networks in One Volume Mobile and stationary next-generation networks that access the photonic core are destined to become as ubiquitous as traditional telephone networks. These networks must efficiently provide adequate network quality to multimedia applications with high bandwidth and strict quality-of-service requirements, as well as seamlessly integrate mobile and fixed architectures. Today's engineering students must be properly prepared to meet the challenges of next-generation network development and deployment. Featuring contributions from top industrial experts and academic professors, this authoritative work provides a comprehensive introduction to next-generation networks. It explains wireless networks such as wireless local area networks (WLAN), wireless personal area networks (WPAN), wireless access, 3G/4G cellular, and RF transmission, as well as optical networks like long-haul and metropolitan networks, optical fiber, photonic devices, and VLSI chips. Rather than focusing on heavy math or physical details, this resource explores how the technology is being used. It describes access and transport network layer technologies while also discussing the network and services aspects. Chapter coverage includes: Fiber–wireless networks: technologies, architectures, and future challenges Packet backhaul network Point-to-point microwave backhaul Fourth-generation broadband: paving the road to Gbit/s with copper Dynamic bandwidth allocation in EPON and GPON Next-generation ethernet passive optical networks: 10G-EPON Power line communications and smart grids Signaling for multimedia conferencing in 4G: architecture, evaluation, and issues Self-coexistence and security in cognitive radio networks Mobile WiMAX UWB personal area networks—MIMO extensions Next-generation integrated metropolitan-access network: technology integration and wireless convergence Resilient burst ring: a novel technology for the next-generation metropolitan area networks Filled with illustrations and practical examples from industry, this book will be invaluable to engineers and researchers in industry and academia, as well as senior undergraduate and graduate students, marketing and management staff, photonics physicists, and chip designers.

Mobile communications users are demanding increased reliability, functionality, and accessibility; they want "always on" access to voice, e-mail, text, and multimedia services as they roam from home to auto to office to outdoor/indoor locations. In addition, there is an increasing deamnd to replace separate landline/mobile telephones with a single handset that can be used wherever its owner might be. Answering those customer needs, fixed/mobile convergence (FMC) marries the mobility provided by cellular networks with the extended connectivity provided by 802.11-based WiFi services and integrates them with landline networks using a single handset.This book provides the theoretical and practical background necessary to successfully plan, develop, and deploy effective FMC networks. This book discusses the various 802.11 and VoIP protocols used in FMC networks, open and proprietary communications protocols, integration of FMC networks to wired telephone networks, mobilizing applications such as text messaging and video, security issues, mobile handset requirements for FMC networks, and the administration/management of FMC networks. Special attention is given to selecting appropriate components for FMC, and numerous case histories and examples from the author's experience are provided.This book is an essential tutorial and reference for any RF/wireless, communications, and networking professional who will work with the next generation of wireless networks. - Describes how to develop, deploy, and manage networks that seamlessly combine landline, cellular, and WiFi networks into one converged communications network - Thorough coverage of various 802.11 and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) standards and how they impact integration with cellular networks - Discusses security considerations and how to successfully manage converged networks - Includes numerous case histories and examples from the author's experience---this is not a purely theoretical treatment of the subject!