Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are based on natural language and apply restrictions on vocabulary, grammar, and/or semantics. They fall broadly into 3 groups. Some are designed to improve communication for non-native speakers of the respective natural language; in others, the restrictions are to facilitate the use of computers to analyze texts, for example, to improve computer-aided translation; and a third group of CNLs are designed to enable reliable automated reasoning and formal knowledge representation from seemingly natural texts. This book presents the 11 papers, selected from 14 submitted, and delivered at the sixth in the series of workshops on Controlled Natural Language, (CNL 2018), held in Maynooth, Ireland, in August 2018. The papers cover a full spectrum of controlled natural languages, ranging from human oriented to machine-processable controlled languages and from more theoretical results to interfaces, reasoning engines, and the real-life application of CNLs. The book will be of interest to all those working with controlled natural language, whatever their approach.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the Workshop on Controlled Natural Language, CNL 2009, held in Marettimo Island, Italy, in June 2009. The 16 revised full papers presented together with 1 invited lecture were carefully reviewed and selected during two rounds of reviewing and improvement from 31 initial submissions. The papers are roughly divided into the two groups language aspects and tools and applications. Note that some papers fall actually into both groups: using a controlled natural language in an application domain often requires domain-specific language features.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Controlled Natural Language, CNL 2014, held in Galway, Ireland, in August 2014. The 17 full papers and one invited paper presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 26 submissions. The topics include simplified language, plain language, formalized language, processable language, fragments of language, phraseologies, conceptual authoring, language generation, and guided natural language interfaces.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Controlled Natural Language, CNL 2010, held in Marettimo Island, Italy, in September 2010. The 9 revised papers presented in this volume, together with 1 tutorial, were carefully reviewed and selected from 17 initial submissions. They broadly cover the field of controlled natural language, stressing theoretical and practical aspects of CNLs, relations to other knowledge representation languages, tool support, and applications.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Controlled Natural Language, CNL 2012, held in Zurich, Switzerland, in August 2012. The 12 revised papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on CNL for knowledge representation, CNL for interactive systems, CNL applications, CNL grammars and lexica, CNL in the context of the Semantic Web and Linked Open Data and CNL use cases.

Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages, obtained by - stricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity. Traditionally, controlled languagesfall into two major types: those that - prove readability for human readers, and those that enable reliable automatic semantic analysis of the language. [. . . ] The second type of languages has a formal logical basis, i. e. they have a formal syntax and semantics, and can be mapped to an existing formal language, such as ?rst-order logic. Thus, those languages can be used as knowledge representation languages, and writing of those languages is supported by fully au- matic consistency and redundancy checks, query answering, etc. Wikipedia Variouscontrollednatural languagesof the second type have been developedby a n- ber of organizations, and have been used in many different application domains, most recently within the Semantic Web. The workshop CNL 2009 was dedicated to discussing the similarities and the d- ferences of existing controlled natural languages of the second type, possible impro- ments to these languages, relations to other knowledge representation languages, tool support, existing and future applications, and further topics of interest.

This detailed book is a “how-to” guide to building controlled vocabulary tools, cataloging and indexing cultural materials with terms and names from controlled vocabularies, and using vocabularies in search engines and databases to enhance discovery and retrieval online. Also covered are the following: What are controlled vocabularies and why are they useful? Which vocabularies exist for cataloging art and cultural objects? How should they be integrated in a cataloging system? How should they be used for indexing and for retrieval? How should an institution construct a local authority file? The links in a controlled vocabulary ensure that relationships are defined and maintained for both cataloging and retrieval, clarifying whether a rose window and a Catherine wheel are the same thing, or how pot-metal glass is related to the more general term stained glass. The book provides organizations and individuals with a practical tool for creating and implementing vocabularies as reference tools, sources of documentation, and powerful enhancements for online searching.