Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is one of the projects of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), located at Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Hamburg, Germany. IEA is an independent cooperative of national educational research institutions and governmental research agencies dedicated to improving education. TIMSS is conducted regularly for every four years to assess students’ achievement in science and mathematics at both the fourth and eighth grades. The project is dedicated to providing participating countries with information to improve teaching and learning in science and mathematics. This book is written especially for the interest of undergraduate students, postgraduate students, and educators of science education who wish to know more about the contributing factors to Grade 8 students’ science achievement in TIMSS. This book is also resourceful for individuals who are involved, directly or indirectly, in the administration and implementation of TIMSS at the national, state, district, and school levels. This book consists of seven chapters. The first chapter gives a brief introduction to TIMSS which includes the TIMSS curriculum model and TIMSS science assessment frameworks. The subsequent chapters compare the contribution of various factors, i.e., home environment support, school resources, school climate, teacher preparation, and classroom instructions on Malaysian and Singaporean Grade 8 students’ science achievement in TIMSS 2011. Last but not least, recommendations on ways to improve Malaysian Grade 8 students’ science achievement in the forthcoming TIMSS are suggested based on the experiences of the Singaporean education system.

Describes fundamental differences in learning beliefs between the Western mind model and the East Asian virtue model of learning.

Researchers who participate in IEA studies have a unique opportunity to work collaboratively with their counterparts from many different countries and disciplinary backgrounds over a period of several years on questions of shared academic interest. Once the data for a given study have been collected and the first round of international reports published, however, opportunities for that kind of collaboration tend to be much less frequent. A major strength of IEA studies compared to other large-scale, international studies is that they are classroom based, thereby making it possible for researchers and policy makers to investigate linkages between students’ achievement and a wide range of variables. Those variables could be related to instructional practices, to students’ and teachers’ background and attitudes, to school organizational patterns, or to opportunity to learn, to name a few. The research questions that TIMSS was designed to address make it clear that these kinds of relational, multi-variate analyses were among the major goals of the project. The international reports of the TIMSS–95 results that were published by the International Study Center at Boston College between 1996 and 1999 were intended to provide comprehensive coverage of the basic findings of the study. They were not intended to provide in-depth analyses of research and policy issues; instead, their main purpose was to make the basic findings of the study widely available in a timely manner. This they certainly did.

This report aims to 'crack the code' by deciphering the factors that hinder and facilitate girls' and women's participation, achievement and continuation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and, in particular, what the education sector can do to promote girls' and women's interest in and engagement with STEM education and ultimately STEM careers.