The Pradhan Mantri Welfare Schemes encapsulate a comprehensive set of initiatives introduced by the Government of India under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Designed to address multifaceted societal challenges, these schemes span diverse sectors, ranging from financial inclusion to healthcare, housing, and skill development. Among the prominent schemes are the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, fostering financial inclusion, and the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, ensuring access to clean cooking fuel for marginalized households. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana endeavors to provide affordable housing, while the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana and Atal Pension Yojana offer crucial support to farmers and individuals seeking pension security, respectively. Skill development finds prominence through the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, aiming to enhance employability. These initiatives collectively signify a commitment to inclusive development, social welfare, and empowerment, fostering a more equitable and sustainable future for the citizens of India. As the socio-economic landscape evolves, the government continues to adapt and introduce new schemes, reflecting a dynamic approach to addressing the evolving needs of the population.

The Pradhan Mantri Welfare Schemes encapsulate a comprehensive set of initiatives introduced by the Government of India under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Designed to address multifaceted societal challenges, these schemes span diverse sectors, ranging from financial inclusion to healthcare, housing, and skill development. Among the prominent schemes are the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, fostering financial inclusion, and the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, ensuring access to clean cooking fuel for marginalized households. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana endeavors to provide affordable housing, while the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana and Atal Pension Yojana offer crucial support to farmers and individuals seeking pension security, respectively. Skill development finds prominence through the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, aiming to enhance employability. These initiatives collectively signify a commitment to inclusive development, social welfare, and empowerment, fostering a more equitable and sustainable future for the citizens of India. As the socio-economic landscape evolves, the government continues to adapt and introduce new schemes, reflecting a dynamic approach to addressing the evolving needs of the population.

Massive private investment that complements public investment is needed to close the demand-supply gap and make reliable power available to all Indians. Government efforts have sought to attract private sector funding and management efficiency throughout the electricity value chain, adapting its strategy over time.

Revision of the author's thesis (Ph. D.--Jawaharlal Nehru University)

In the late 1800s, Indians seemed to be a people left behind by the Industrial Revolution, dismissed as “not a mechanical race.” Today Indians are among the world’s leaders in engineering and technology. In this international history spanning nearly 150 years, Ross Bassett—drawing on a unique database of every Indian to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology between its founding and 2000—charts their ascent to the pinnacle of high-tech professions. As a group of Indians sought a way forward for their country, they saw a future in technology. Bassett examines the tensions and surprising congruences between this technological vision and Mahatma Gandhi’s nonindustrial modernity. India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, sought to use MIT-trained engineers to build an India where the government controlled technology for the benefit of the people. In the private sector, Indian business families sent their sons to MIT, while MIT graduates established India’s information technology industry. By the 1960s, students from the Indian Institutes of Technology (modeled on MIT) were drawn to the United States for graduate training, and many of them stayed, as prominent industrialists, academics, and entrepreneurs. The MIT-educated Indian engineer became an integral part of a global system of technology-based capitalism and focused less on India and its problems—a technological Indian created at the expense of a technological India.