Excerpt from Collected Leaflets on Insect Pests of Fruit Trees The sections in a leaflet follow on naturally. The first thing which attracts attention to a pest is the damage. Under "Plants Attacked and Nature of Damage" is given a list of the crops likely to be attacked and the characteristic signs of injury. Under the next section, "Description and Life-History" are described, the appearance of the pest in its various forms, and its life-history or habits, showing where it lives at each season of the year and which are its vulnerable stages. With this information it is then possible to follow the suggestions given under "Measures of Control," carrying out each operation with discretion and not by rule of thumb - a most important point, for success is often dependent on adapting a measure to meet special local conditions. Notes on Insects in General. - As it is impossible to deal separately with many insects in the leaflets themselves, a few general notes may be found useful. Description. - Insects belong to a group of creatures characterised (1) by the possession of a jointed body which is supported not by bones inside but by a hard horny skin, and (2) by the possession on one or more segments of the body of jointed "appendages" which may be modified to act as legs, jaws, antennae (feelers), &c. Strictly speaking, the term Insects should be confined to the creatures in the group with only three pairs of legs (in addition to other characteristics), such, for instance, as moths, beetles or bugs, but for practical purposes the name usually includes the groups containing mites (red spiders) and spiders with four pairs of legs, and the millipedes and centipedes with many pairs of legs. From the practical point of view no detailed knowledge of the various organs of the body is necessary but it is helpful to know a little of the features which characterise an insect as a living creature. The body consists of three parts - the head, the thorax and the abdomen. (a) The head bears the antennae (or "feelers"). which are not only organs of touch but are probably connected with other senses, possibly in some forms with smell. (Little, however, is known about the senses of insects except that by some means they smell and probably hear also.) There are also on the head the eyes which when well developed enable them to see the shape of things, or in other cases may be only sufficient to detect light or darkness. The mouth, on the underside of the head, is surrounded by "appendages" which vary in the different groups, in some taking the form of biting jaws and fingerlike organs to push food between them, while in others the same organs may be modified so as to form a "trunk" enabling the insect to bore holes and suck up juices. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Excerpt from Collected Leaflets on Fungus Pests and Allied Diseases of Fruit Trees Unlike insect pests, which are for the most part more or less clearly understood, there is often a certain mystery in the public mind connected with fungi. Their strange form, sudden appear ance and devastating habits are not readily explainable. To the practical fruit grower painful familiarity with their presence soon robs fungus parasites of any mysterious charm, and, by force of circumstances, he is compelled to study them, if it be only their mode of attacking plants and the best methods of keeping them at bay. Whether, however, the origin and} habits are understood or not, it may not be inadvisable to point out at the commencement of this volume the main outlines of the life of any ordinary fungus. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

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Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock. To fully realise this potential, much work needs to be done by a wide range of stakeholders. This publication will boost awareness of the many valuable roles that insects play in sustaining nature and human life, and it will stimulate debate on the expansion of the use of insects as food and feed.