Wireless Sensor Networks have a wide range of applications in different areas. Their main constraint is the limited and irreplaceable power source of the sensor nodes. In many applications, energy conservation of the sensor nodes and their replacement or replenishment due to the hostile nature of the environment is the most challenging issue. Energy efficient clustering and routing are the two main important topics studied extensively for this purpose. This book focuses on the energy efficient clustering and routing with a great emphasis on the evolutionary approaches. It provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction of the fundamentals of WSNs, major issues and effective solutions.

Wireless Sensor Networks have a wide range of applications in different areas. Their main constraint is the limited and irreplaceable power source of the sensor nodes. In many applications, energy conservation of the sensor nodes and their replacement or replenishment due to the hostile nature of the environment is the most challenging issue. Energy efficient clustering and routing are the two main important topics studied extensively for this purpose. This book focuses on the energy efficient clustering and routing with a great emphasis on the evolutionary approaches. It provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction of the fundamentals of WSNs, major issues and effective solutions.

"Wireless Sensor Networks have a wide range of applications in different areas. Their main constraint is the limited and irreplaceable power source of the sensor nodes. In many applications, energy conservation of the sensor nodes and their replacement or replenishment due to the hostile nature of the environment is the most challenging issue. Energy efficient clustering and routing are the two main important topics studied extensively for this purpose. This book focuses on the energy efficient clustering and routing with a great emphasis on the evolutionary approaches. It provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction of the fundamentals of WSNs, major issues and effective solutions."--Provided by publisher.

Collecting and processing data is a necessary aspect of living in a technologically advanced society. Whether it’s monitoring events, controlling different variables, or using decision-making applications, it is important to have a system that is both inexpensive and capable of coping with high amounts of data. As the application of these networks becomes more common, it becomes imperative to evaluate their effectiveness as well as other opportunities for possible implementation in the future. Sensor Technology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source that brings together new ways to process and monitor data and to put it to work in everything from intelligent transportation systems to healthcare to multimedia applications. It also provides inclusive coverage on the processing and applications of wireless communication, sensor networks, and mobile computing. Highlighting a range of topics such as internet of things, signal processing hardware, and wireless sensor technologies, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for research and development engineers, IT specialists, developers, graduate students, academics, and researchers.

This book provides a systematic introduction to the fundamental concepts, major challenges, and effective solutions for Quality of Service in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Unlike other books on the topic, it focuses on the networking aspects of WSNs, discussing the most important networking issues, including network architecture design, medium access control, routing and data dissemination, node clustering, node localization, query processing, data aggregation, transport and quality of service, time synchronization, and network security. Featuring contributions from researchers, this book strikes a balance between fundamental concepts and new technologies, providing readers with unprecedented insights into WSNs from a networking perspective. It is essential reading for a broad audience, including academics, research engineers, and practitioners, particularly postgraduate/postdoctoral researchers and engineers in industry. It is also suitable as a textbook or supplementary reading for graduate computer engineering and computer science courses.

1.1 Network Two or more computers are connecting with each other for sharing resources is known as network. A group or system of interconnected people or networks. Computer world, the term network means two or more connected computers that can share resources like data and applications, office machines, an internet connection (IC) (Figure 1.1).

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have developed as a potentially useful technology for a wide variety of purposes, from surveillance to environmental monitoring. Wireless sensor networks are networks of tiny, low-power sensor nodes that can collect, analyze, and transmit data wirelessly. To gather information about their environments, these nodes generally have sensors like temperature, humidity, and motion detectors. The limited energy and computing resources of the sensor nodes are a significant barrier to WSNs. Since sensor nodes have limited energy capabilities due to their tiny size and dependency on batteries, energy efficiency is a crucial factor in WSN design. In order to keep WSNs up and running for as long as possible, it is essential that their lifespan be maximized while their energy consumption is kept to a minimum (Akyildiz et al., 2002). Many other energy-saving methods and procedures for WSNs have been offered by scientists as potential solutions to these problems. The goal of these methods is to reduce power consumption across the board, from individual sensor nodes to the network as a whole. In order to decrease the amount of energy needed to transmit data between sensor nodes, many clustering algorithms have been developed. Clustering is often employed in WSNs to increase scalability, decrease energy consumption, and consolidate data (Heinzelman et al., 2000). Clustering is a method for grouping sensor nodes, with the cluster head (CH) of each cluster being in charge of coordinating the work of the other nodes in the cluster (Heinzelman et al., 2002). The cluster heads gather, analyze, and send data from their clusters to the base station (BS), which helps save power and extend the life of the network.