Astyanax is thrown from the walls of Troy; Medeia kills her children as an act of vengeance against her husband; Aias reflects with sorrow on his son's inheritance, yet kills himself and leaves Eurysakes vulnerable to his enemies. The pathos created by threats to children is a notable feature of Greek tragedy, but does not in itself explain the broad range of situations in which the ancient playwrights chose to employ such threats. Rather than casting children in tragedy as simple figures of pathos, this volume proposes a new paradigm to understand their roles, emphasizing their dangerous potential as the future adults of myth. Although they are largely silent, passive figures on stage, children exert a dramatic force that transcends their limited physical presence, and are in fact theatrically complex creations who pose a danger to the major characters. Their multiple projected lives create dramatic palimpsests which are paradoxically more significant than their immediate emotional effects: children are never killed because of their immediate weakness, but because of their potential strength. This re-evaluation of the significance of child characters in Greek tragedy draws on a fresh examination of the evidence for child actors in fifth-century Athens, which concludes that the physical presence of children was a significant factor in their presentation. However, child roles can only be fully appreciated as theatrical phenomena, utilizing the inherent ambiguities of drama: as such, case studies of particular plays and playwrights are underpinned by detailed analysis of staging considerations, opening up new avenues for interpretation and challenging traditional models of children in tragedy.

Astyanax is thrown from the walls of Troy; Medeia kills her children as an act of vengeance against her husband; Aias reflects with sorrow on his son's inheritance, yet kills himself and leaves Eurysakes vulnerable to his enemies. The pathos created by threats to children is a notable feature of Greek tragedy, but does not in itself explain the broad range of situations in which the ancient playwrights chose to employ such threats. Rather than casting children in tragedy as simple figures of pathos, this volume proposes a new paradigm to understand their roles, emphasizing their dangerous potential as the future adults of myth. Although they are largely silent, passive figures on stage, children exert a dramatic force that transcends their limited physical presence, and are in fact theatrically complex creations who pose a danger to the major characters. Their multiple projected lives create dramatic palimpsests which are paradoxically more significant than their immediate emotional effects: children are never killed because of their immediate weakness, but because of their potential strength. This re-evaluation of the significance of child characters in Greek tragedy draws on a fresh examination of the evidence for child actors in fifth-century Athens, which concludes that the physical presence of children was a significant factor in their presentation. However, child roles can only be fully appreciated as theatrical phenomena, utilizing the inherent ambiguities of drama: as such, case studies of particular plays and playwrights are underpinned by detailed analysis of staging considerations, opening up new avenues for interpretation and challenging traditional models of children in tragedy.

The essays in this volume deal with the uses of Greek tragedy by European playwrights between the Renaissance and the Romantic period. While the individual essays include discussions of plays by Neo-Latin, Italian, French, and German playwrights, they aim at isolating the strategies of adaptation and patterns of transformation shared by the different writers as heirs to a common dramatic tradition. The first essay traces the crucial impulses that European tragedy received from the humanist imitation of ancient drama and concludes with a detailed analysis of Garnier's Antigone. This is followed by a study of Racine's Phedre as both an embodiment of and an exception to the characteristic strategies of adaptation used by seventeenth-century playwrights. A turning point in the understanding of Greek tragedy is illustrated by a comparison of Goethe's Iphigenia auf Tauris and Kleist's Penthesilea. A fourth essay, analysing two characteristic strategies in coping with the problem of knowledge in Oedipus Rex, examines that approaches taken by Voltaire, Kleist, Corneille, and Schifler and discusses Ibsen's Ghosts as the prototype of modern analytical tragedy. The next essay turns to scriptural tragedy, discussing Buchanan's Jephtha as the prototype of a genre of Christian tragedy, which applied strict imitation of Greek tragic form to theologically intractable subjects from the Old Testament. The essay concludes with a study of Athalie and Samson Agonistes as the two belated masterpieces of this sub-genre of humanist drama. Finally, the volume addresses the interaction of epic and dramatic traditions in two essays showing Milton's use of the conventions of the tragedy of knowledge in Paradise Lost and Racine's use of the Dido tragedy as the model for Berenice. This encompassing survey of an enduring dramatic tradition offers useful background for the study of drama and all those interested in the continuing life of the classical tradition

Shirley Jackson meets The Virgin Suicides, set at an all-girls orphanage.

Series Copy Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly recreate the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, The Greek Tragedies in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the editorship of Herbert Golder and the late William Arrowsmith, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the plays. One of Euripides' late plays, Ion is a complex enactment of the changing relations between the human and divine orders and the way in which our understanding of the gods is mediated and re-visioned by myths. The story begins years before the play begins, with the rape of the mortal Kreousa, queen of Athens, by Apollo. Kreousa bears Apollos' child in secret then abandons it. Unbeknownst to her, Apollo has the child brought to his temple at Delphi to be reared by the priestess as ward of the shrine. Many years later, Kreousa, now married to the foreigner Xouthos but childless, comes to Delphi seeking prophecy about children. Apollo, however, speaking through the oracle, bestows the temple ward, Ion, on Xouthos as his child. Enraged, Kreousa conspires to kill as an interloper the very son she has despaired of finding. After mother and son both try to kill each other, the priestess reveals the birth tokens that permit Kreousa to recognize and embrace the child she thought was dead. Ion discovers the truth of his parentage and departs for Athens, as a mixed blood of humanity and divinity, to participate in the life of the polis. In Ion, disturbing riptides of thought and feeling run just below the often shimmering surfaces of Euripidean melodrama. Although the play contains some of Euripides' most beautiful lyrical writing, it quivers throughout with near disasters, poorly informed actions and misdirected intentions that almost result in catastrophe. Kreousa says at one point that good and evil do not mix, but Euripides' argument, and what the youthful Ion strives to understand, is that human beings are not only compounded of good and evil, but that the two are often the same thing differently experienced, differently understood, just as beauty and violence are mixed both in the gods and in the mortal world.

The pathos created by threats to children is a notable feature of Greek tragedy, but is this pathos the limit of these child characters' significance? This volume proposes a new paradigm for the study of children in tragedy that recasts them as theatrically complex creations and emphasises their dangerous potential as the future adults of myth.