X-ray and neutron crystallography have played an increasingly impor tant role in the chemical and biochemical sciences over the past fifty years. The principal obstacles in this methodology, the phase problem and com puting, have been overcome. The former by the methods developed in the 1960's and just recognised by the 1985 Chemistry Nobel Prize award to Karle and Hauptman, the latter by the dramatic advances that have taken place in computer technology in the past twenty years. Within the last decade, two new radiation sources have been added to the crystallographer's tools. One is synchrotron X-rays and the other is spallation neutrons. Both have much more powerful fluxes than the pre vious sources and they are pulsed rather than continuos. New techniques are necessary to fully exploit the intense continuos radiation spectrum and its pulsed property. Both radiations are only available from particular National Laboratories on a guest-user basis for scientists outside these Na tional Laboratories. Hitherto, the major emphasis on the use of these facilities has been in solid-state physics, and the material, engineering and biological sciences. We believe that there is equivalent potential to applications which are pri marily chemical or biochemical.

In recent years crystallographic techniques have found applications in a wide range of subjects, and these applications in turn have led to exciting developments in the field of crystallography itself. This completely revised text offers a rigorous treatment of the theory and describes experimental applications in many fields: crystal symmetry, crystallographic computing, X-ray diffraction, crystal structure solution, mineral and inorganic crystal chemistry, protein crystallography, crystallography of real crystals, and crystal physics. A set of pedagogical tools on CD-ROM has been added to this new edition.

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This work details current advances in assessing the characteristics of polymers, single fibres and fibrous systems, and associated processes based on evolving theories in the physical, chemical and mechanical sciences. It focuses on recent develpments in selected characterization methods - such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance, electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy - applicatble to polymers, fibres and textiles.

Crystallography is one of the most multidisciplinary sciences, with roots in fields as varied as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, computation and earth and planetary science. The structural knowledge gained from crystallography has been instrumental in acquiring new levels of understanding in numerous scientific areas. P

X-ray crystallography, a powerful technique for structure determination, plays a major role in modern research. This primer gives a concise and accessible account of the technique, emphasising its wide-ranging practical application to engineering and the physical and biological sciences.