Published in 1991, the first edition of The Practical Handbook of Ground-Water Monitoring quickly became the gold standard reference on the topic of ground-water monitoring. But, as in all rapidly evolving fields, regulations change, technology advances, methods improve, and research reveals flaws in prior thinking. As a consequence, books t

Reductive dechlorination reactions occurring on zero-valent metal surfaces for chlorinated ethenes and chlorinated ethanes are investigated using compound specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) to measure carbon isotopic fractionation and carbon kinetic isotope effects (KIE). Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated contaminants on zero-valent iron (Fe0) is used for remediation purposes at over 100 sites worldwide employing permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology. Degradation can occur via 3 main pathways: (1) alpha-elimination, (2) beta-elimination and (3) hydrogenolysis. Experiments documenting carbon isotopic fractionation observed during degradation of a suite of chlorinated ethenes are described, and it is demonstrated that reproducible carbon isotopic fractionation occurs for perchloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). The results for Fe0 from two different sources show distinct differences in both rates of reaction and isotopic fractionation factors (epsilon), particularly for the cis-DCE and VC. Using ground water samples from pre- and post-treatment of a Fe0 PRB at F.E. Warren Air Force Base, it is established that carbon isotopic fractionation of chlorinated ethenes follows the same principles under field conditions, and it is shown that CSIA, in combination with traditional compositional analysis, can help to resolve complex performance-related problems for PRBs. Finally, it is demonstrated that reaction pathways and mechanisms can be investigated using CSIA and ranges of epsilon and KIE are established for the investigated reactions on different zero-valent metals. In batch experiments monitoring dichloroethane (DCA) degradation on Zn0, CSIA was used to determine that a common rate limiting step occurs for hydrogenolysis and alpha-elimination reactions of 1,1-DCA. As well, overall epsilon and KIE are greater for beta-elimination of 1,2-DCA than for hydrogenolysis and alpha-elimination of 1,1-DCA. The degradation of a chlorinated ethene, cis-DCE, was investigated on Fe0. Direct measurements of epsilon and KIE for hydrogenolysis and beta-elimination were measured using CSIA. It is established that these reactions do not share a rate limiting step, and unique and reproducible carbon isotopic fractionation is associated with each reaction pathway. CSIA has been shown to be a versatile tool, aiding research as both a reliable diagnostic (i.e. identification of degradation) and as a valuable analytical instrument for mechanistic studies.

This book presents a comprehensive, up-to-date review of technologies for cleaning up contaminants in groundwater and soil. It provides a special focus on three classes of contaminants that have proven very difficult to treat once released to the subsurface: metals, radionuclides, and dense nonaqueous-phase liquids such as chlorinated solvents. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup was commissioned by the Department of Energy (DOE) as part of its program to clean up contamination in the nuclear weapons production complex. In addition to a review of remediation technologies, the book describes new trends in regulation of contaminated sites and assesses DOE's program for developing new subsurface cleanup technologies.

Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater: Materials, Processes, and Assessment provides the remediation tools and techniques necessary for simultaneously saving time and money and maximizing environmental, social and economic benefits. The book integrates green materials, cleaner processes, and sustainability assessment methods for planning, designing and implementing a more effective remediation process for both soil and groundwater projects. With this book in hand, engineers will find a valuable guide to greener remediation materials that render smaller environmental footprint, cleaner processes that minimize secondary environmental impact, and sustainability assessment methods that can be used to guide the development of materials and processes. Addresses materials, processes, and assessment needs for implementing a successful sustainable remediation process Provides an integrated approach for the unitization of various green technologies, such as green materials, cleaner processes and sustainability assessment Includes case studies based on full-scale commercial soil and groundwater remediation projects

An evolving, living organic/inorganic covering, soil is in dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere above, the biosphere within, and the geology below. It acts as an anchor for roots, a purveyor of water and nutrients, a residence for a vast community of microorganisms and animals, a sanitizer of the environment, and a source of raw materials for co