Products continuously change over time to satisfy new customer needs and technologies. This successive emergence of new products within a product family can be considered as product family evolution, which is derived from inherent evolving properties and adaptation to dynamic product environments. Although product family design has been widely discussed, product family evolution has not been sufficiently explored in an analytical manner. To tackle this issue, this research aims to demonstrate the underlying properties of product family evolution and to model the process of product family evolution. The methodology of this research is based on a network science approach and consists of two phases: 1) characterization of product family evolution and 2) modeling of product family evolution. In the first phase, a network representation for product family architectures is devised to effectively describe relationships between components. Then, topological properties and significant network motifs in the product family network at each time period are investigated through a case study using the smartphone models of a major company. The results show that both individual product and product family networks follow the properties observed in other real networks. The network properties and significant motifs of the individual smartphone networks suggest that the individual product structure grows as a scale-free network with common building blocks. On the other hand, the smartphone product family network evolves with both scale-free and small-world properties due to commonality in a product family. Also, the product family network changes with common and specific motifs during each specific time duration. In the second phase, the complex adaptive process of product family evolution is simplified and modeled to estimate configurational changes in product family architecture design. In this model, evolution modes embedding specific variant generation mechanisms are realized through a mixed-strategy game theory and an evolving network model - fitness model. For the proposed product family evolution model, illustrative examples are introduced to describe the dynamic configuration process of a product family structure. Finally, evolutionary opportunities for product and product family design focusing on the universality of network properties are addressed from the perspectives of topological robustness and complexity. From theoretical and empirical evidences, it is identified that a design structure with scale-free network topology and commonality has topological robustness since it has less complexity in structural connectivity and variety. Given the increasing awareness of dynamic product environment, this research serves as a foundation for the analysis of product family evolution.

Theoretically, the formational and developmental mechanism of Shanzhai Model (the Chintrepreneurship, the China-way of Doing Business) theorized in this text, in addition to complying with the traditionally Western dominated frameworks of risk-taking-oriented, technology-oriented, resource-oriented, and speculation-oriented – also creates the peculiar or updated characteristics, complementary and supplementary to the existing theories of entrepreneurship and strategic management. The peculiar characteristics of Shanzhai Model may be attributed to the government policy guidance, from macroeconomic level, to technology development level, and to market expansion level, through the regulated cycle process of CCP government ‘Five-Year-Plan’. Such a dynamic process of government policy system determines the dynamisms of China economy, industry and enterprises, linking the previous weaknesses into the upgrade or rectification of the next five-year-plan, forcing enterprises to obligately upgrade or adjust their business and management operations (given the absolute autocracy of China government). Practically, the imitation-based cost-saving operations on the enterprise level, the ‘Wolf Like’ clustered industry-chain operations organized by the principle of ‘Risks-Resources-Benefits Sharing’ on the industry level, and the ‘Price-to-Performance’ products advantages on the market level – together, they have been contributing to the leapfrog of China economy, by taking advantages of increasingly globalized business environment and the network (Internet) information technology system, turning China into an economic Shanzhai, corruption Shanzhai, and a political Shanzhai, imposing the ‘One Belt One Road’ hegemonism on the harmony of international community. Is it too late? The contribution of this text material may benefit MBA, Ph.D students in management, and especially benefiting to those corporate executives. Regardless of De-Globalization or De-China campaigns, the flow of business is inevitably and eternally beyond the boundaries of countries one way or another, sooner or later. Note that, a document of year-to-year government policies is prepared, interested, contact Dr. Johnny by email: [email protected]; or by phone: 001-604-773-0783, or 001-778-655-1016.

Excerpt from Evolutionary Modeling in the Analysis of New Products Figure Two shows the process flow. The parameters are the trial rate per period, the first repeat rate, second repeat rate, and frequencies of purchase. The distribution of frequencies of purchase is used to specify the length of the holding period between purchase opportunities. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Almost all evolutionary biologists, indeed all biologists, use particular features to study life. These characteristics or features used by evolutionary biologists are used in a particular way to unravel a tangled evolutionary history, document the rate of evolutionary change, or as evidence of biodiversity. "Characters" are the "data" of evolutionary biology and they can be employed differently in research providing both opportunities and limitations. The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology is about characters, their use, how different sorts of characters are limited, and what are appropriate methods for character analysis. Leading evolutionary biologists from around the world are contributors to this authoritative review of the "character concept." Because characters and the conception of characters are central to all studies of evolution, and because evolution is the central organizing principle of biology, this book will appeal to a wide cross-section of biologists. Focuses upon "characters" -- fundamental data for evolutionary biology Covers the myriad ways in which characters are defined, described, and distinguished Includes historical, morphological, molecular, behavioral, and philosophical perspectives

Fundamentals of 3D Food Printing and Applications provides an update on this emerging technology that can not only create complex edible shapes, but also enable the alteration of food texture and nutritional content required by specific diets. This book discusses 3D food printing technologies and their working mechanisms within a broad spectrum of application areas, including, but not limited to, the development of soft foods and confectionary designs. It provides a unique and contemporary guide to help correlate supply materials (edible inks) and the technologies (e.g., extrusion and laser based) used during the construction of computer-aided 3D shapes. Users will find a great reference that will help food engineers and research leaders in food science understand the characteristics of 3D food printing technologies and edible inks. Details existing 3D food printing techniques, with an in-depth discussion on the mechanisms of formation of self-supporting layers Includes the effects of flow behaviour and viscoelastic properties of printing materials Presents strategies to enhance printability, such as the incorporation of hydrocolloids and lubricant enhancers 3D printing features of a range of food materials, including cereal based, insect enriched, fruits and vegetables, chocolate and dairy ingredients Business development for chocolate printing and the prospects of 3D food printing at home for domestic applications Prosumer-driven 3D food printing Safety and labelling of 3D printed food