In 2007, approximately 33 million people were living with HIV/AIDS worldwide, while an estimated 2.5 million new infections occurred and 2.1 million AIDS-related deaths. With >95% of new infections occurring in low and middle income countries with limited access to antiretroviral therapy, the development of a prophylactic HIV vaccine remains one of the world's top public health priorities. Many studies illustrate the important role of CD8+ T lymphocytes, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), in controlling HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. However, the correlates of immune protection remain unknown. The SIV-infected rhesus macaque is the most widely used animal model for studying HIV infection. We enhanced the utility of this model by evaluating the breadth of novel, SIV-specific CTL responses in infected macaques. We then examined the antiviral efficacy of these SIV-specific CTL using a novel viral suppression assay. This information may be important in determining the type of CTL epitopes to be targeted in future HIV vaccines. This research should be especially useful for those studying cellular immune responses against AIDS-virus infection.

The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.

During the last 5 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and in the development of new potent antiviral agents. With regard to HIV pathogenesis, several recent observations have not only changed our perspectives of HIV disease, but have been critical for the design of therapeutic strategies.

It is now 10 years since the first AIDS cases were reported in the USA. In that relatively short period of time, study of the disease has moved from the level of early clinical description to exhaustive and extensive laboratory characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the immune responses directed towards it and reasons for their failure. This volume provides contributions from clinical and basic scientists who are actively involved in research in a number of areas of current interest and controversy. Further progress in the clinical management of the HIV-infected patient will undoubtedly build on the basic knowledge about HIV and its modes of pathogenesis. The intimate relationship between HIV and the human immune system provides observations and questions that are relevant to viral immunopathogenesis in general. In the first chapter the clinical features of HIV immunodeficiency are re viewed, and aspects of its changing face are discussed. Dr Tersmette then presents evidence for changing viral characteristics at different stages of the disease. This view of close competition for ascendancy between HIV and the host immune response raises questions about current approaches to therapy.

"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection represents one of the biggest challenges of current years. However, scientists and physicians still do not have an efficient therapy for preventing or eradicating the virus. The selection of drug-resistant stra"

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus is characterized by the destruction of the host immune system as also reflected by a progressive loss of CD4-positive T-cells. This finally results in the host's incapacity to deal with opportunistic infections and the immune surveillance of tumors, a clinical status known as the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The book AIDS Pathogenesis provides the reader with a complete overview of the clinical course of HIV-1 infection. It describes the clinical aspects of primary infection, the different clinical outcomes of HIV-1 infection, and strategies for anti-viral treatment. In addition, more fundamental aspects of HIV-1 infection are reviewed. These include the biology of the virus and the novel insights in AIDS pathogenesis. Not only is the significance of an HIV-specific cellular and humoral immune response discussed, but also the possible incapacity of the adult human host to deal with T-cell destruction. Finally, the book discusses the currently used laboratory markers that allow for monitoring of the clinical course of infection.