La polémica sobre el papel de la ciencia y la técnica española, conforman el núcleo importante de la exposición, dando respuesta al tópico según el cuál España no contribuyó en el desarrollo de la ciencia y la técnica del siglo XVIII. Y la respuesta es afirmativa, con una importante participación en numerosos campos, con relaciones y proyección internacional. El recorrido por el Muvim nos muestra las claves de una época de grandes cambios sociales, descubrimientos geográficos, revolución en las matemáticas, química, medicina, etc. Tiempos también de creación de las Reales Academias, el Jardín Botánico, el Observatorio Astronómico y las Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del Pais. Al mismo tiempo ven la luz diversos periódicos, libros, diccionarios, etc. También repasa los nombres de valencianos de primerísima fila, tales como, Jorge Juan, Cavanilles, Gabriel Ciscar y de otros, así como nos acerca a grandes expediciones científicas, como la del alicantino Malaespina. Podemos admirar también los corales del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, los cuales se encuentran en un espacio diseñado como gabinete de curiosidades. Otro espacio está integrado por los retratos o vestidos de la Familia Real, algunos de los cuales son obra de Maella o de Mengs.

According to legend the Constantinian Order is the oldest chivalric institution, founded by Emperor Constantine the Great and governed by successive Byzantine Emperors and their descendants. While this chronology was supported by multiple writers even into the twentieth century, it has little historical basis. Nonetheless, the Angeli, Farnese and Bourbon families which held the Grand Mastership could legitimately claim Byzantine imperial descent, albeit in the female line, and the Order’s cross replicates that seen by Constantine in the vision recorded by both Lactantius and Eusebius, writing very soon after Maximian’s defeat at the battle of the Milvian Bridge. The Order’s emergence in the middle of the sixteenth century, when Christian Europe was under assault from a militant Ottoman empire, gained Papal support almost immediately and by the end of the seventeenth century the Order had mem-bers across the Italian peninsular, in Spain, Bavaria, Austria and Bohemia, Croatia and Poland. Today the majority of the Order’s members are found in Italy and Spain but there are also members in Portugal, France, Belgium, Great Britain and Luxembourg, with smaller groups in the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden as well as an expanding membership in the United States. This work examines the conversion of Constantine and the histories of the Angeli, Farnese and Bourbon Grand Masterships, with extensive reference to hitherto unpub-lished documents in the Vatican archives and in the Farnese and Bourbon archives in Naples. These serve to confirm the close relationship the Order had with the Church and the high regard in which it was held by successive Popes, as well as its autonomy as a subject of canon law independent from any crown or temporal sovereignty. This unique status has enabled its hereditary Grand Masters to maintain this dignity after the absorption of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies into a united Italy. The Order’s autonomy, coupled with the Grand Master’s close links to the Spanish Crown, has meant that Spanish and Italian citizens (as well as the citizens of several other states which have accorded the Order recognition) may obtain official permission to wear the Order’s decorations. 2018 is the three hundredth anniversary of the Papal Bull Militantis Ecclesiae which confirmed and approved the previous Papal acts concerning the Order and laid out the rights and privileges of the Order, its Grand Masters and members. In the early 20th century Pope Saint Pius X and Benedict XV conferred further privileges on the Order, ap-proving the statutes, while the then future Pope Pius XII had been admitted to the Order in 1913. Today the Order is engaged in works of charity, in conformity with the Church’s teachings, and includes among its members some thirteen Cardinals as well as some thirty members of reign-ing or former reigning families.

Coins of SPAIN 1901-2014 (08/2014) from a serie "Coins of Europe Catalog 1901-2014" finally in .pdf for the Tablets! (English e-version) Coins till August 2014 with some results from even July 2014 auctions!! NEW!! Coin prices that in the last 12 months went down are marked ↓ (down) Updated prices every few months. Pictures of every coin, description, weight, size, metal composition and fair market value of coins based on average or lowest prices from recent auctions. Prices in Euro. You can also download from my website FREE of charge smaller chapters (e.g. Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein,Luxemburg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldawia, Monaco, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia...) from newest -"Coins of Europe, Catalog 1901-2014" (Prepared for the Tablets, Laptops or Smartphones). Please check also my other e-catalogs. Clients who buy e-catalogs will also receive updates (2-3 times a year)!! Please provide e-mail for that. Thank you! Tomasz Kosinski numiKOs

The years between the accession of the house of Bourbon to the Spanish throne in 1700 and the coronation of Carlos III in 1759 have often been bundled up, and dismissed, together with the later years of Habsburg rule. Growing out of the first Anglophone academic workshop to focus exclusively on Early Bourbon Spanish America, this collective volume gives prominence to the first half of the eighteenth century as a distinct historical period. Discussing from different methodological and geographical perspectives the ways in which the Bourbon succession, international competition over access to Spanish American resources, and war affected the Indies, the contributors examine some of the key changes experienced in Spanish America at the local, provincial and imperial level.

A New History of Iberian Feminisms is both a chronological history and an analytical discussion of feminist thought in the Iberian Peninsula, including Portugal, and the territories of Spain - the Basque Provinces, Catalonia, and Galicia - from the eighteenth century to the present day. The Iberian Peninsula encompasses a dynamic and fraught history of feminism that had to contend with entrenched tradition and a dominant Catholic Church. Editors Silvia Bermúdez and Roberta Johnson and their contributors reveal the long and historical struggles of women living within various parts of the Iberian Peninsula to achieve full citizenship. A New History of Iberian Feminisms comprises a great deal of new scholarship, including nineteenth-century essays written by women on the topic of equality. By addressing these lost texts of feminist thought, Bermúdez, Johnson, and their contributors reveal that female equality, considered a dormant topic in the early nineteenth century, was very much part of the political conversation, and helped to launch the new feminist wave in the second half of the century.