The European Convention on Human Rights guarantees freedom of education, including the opportunities to create and operate faith-based schools. However, as European societies become more religiously diverse and ‘less religious’ at the same time, the role of faith-based schools is increasingly being contested. Serious tensions have emerged between those who ardently support religious schools in their various forms, and those who oppose them. Given that faith-based schools enjoy basic constitutional guarantees in Europe, the controversy around them often surrounds issues of public financing, degrees of organisational and pedagogical autonomy, and educational practices and management. This volume is about the controversies surrounding religious schools in a number of Western European countries. The introductory chapter briefly analyses the structural pressures that affect the position of religious schools, outlining the relevant institutional arrangements in countries such as Denmark, Germany, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Scotland. The following chapters provide a detailed analysis of the discussions and controversies surrounding faith-based schools in each country. Finally, the two concluding chapters aim to provide a bigger, comparative picture with regard to these debates about religious education in liberal democratic states and culturally pluralist societies. This book was originally published as a special issue of Comparative Education.

In the early stages of planning the Third International Conference in System Science in Health Care, the steering committee members, most of whom had participated in the first conference in Paris (1976) and the second in Montreal (1980), made some basic decisions about organization of subject matter. The earlier meetings had been very successful in bringing together specialists from the health professions and the traditional sciences. In addition to physicians and nurses, these were representatives of the disciplines of the behavioral sciences, system theory, economics, engineering, and the emergency fields of management science and informatics -all concerned with the development of health resources in a broad system context. The reported research and experience of the many disciplines represented had dealt with one or more of three concerns: 1) a major health problem, such as cardiovascular disease, or an important popUlation at risk, such as the elderly or children or workers; 2) some generic aspect of organization and decision making, including trial and evaluation ofinnovative health strategies; and 3) the methodology of research and analysis in system of health service. The challenge to the conference organizers lay in the eliciting and arranging of experiences in such a way that the health services could be seen as purposeful,living, evolving systems.

La connaissance remplaçant progressivement les matières premières et la main-d'oeuvre en tant que ressource clé du développement économique, la disponibilité de savoirs et savoir-faire humains est cruciale pour déterminer le taux de développement économique d’un pays et sa compétitivité sur le marché international. L'utilisation croissante de la capacité nationale d'évaluation a permis aux ministères de l'Éducation de décrire les niveaux nationaux des acquis des élèves dans les principales disciplines et de comparer ceux des principaux sous-groupes (tels que les garçons et les filles, les groupes ethniques, les élèves des milieux urbains et ruraux, et ceux des établissements publics et privés). Cela leur a également fourni des données probantes pour confirmer ou réfuter les affirmations d'amélioration ou de dégradation des normes de performance des élèves dans le temps. En dépit de l'accroissement de l'activité d'évaluation, la valeur potentielle des données fournies par les évaluations est encore mal reconnue, et les compétences requises pour mener une évaluation techniquement solide continuent à manquer. Lorsque les pays réalisent une évaluation nationale ou participent à une évaluation internationale, l'information ainsi recueillie n'est pas souvent complètement exploitée. Évaluer les niveaux nationaux de performance dans l'éducation décrit les objectifs et les caractéristiques des évaluations nationales ainsi que les questions liées à la conception, la mise en oeuvre, l'analyse et la production des rapports. Ce volume décrit également les principales évaluations internationales, régionales et nationales dans un grand nombre de pays. Cet ouvrage sera d'un intérêt certain pour les pouvoirs publics nationaux, régionaux et étatiques, les institutions de recherche et les universités.

The economic and social prospects are daunting for the 89 million out-of-school youth who comprise nearly half of all youth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Within the next decade, when this cohort becomes the core of the labor market, an estimated 40 million more youth will drop out, and will face an uncertain future with limited work and life skills. Furthermore, out-of-school youth often are 'policy orphans,' positioned between sectors with little data, low implementation capacity, lack of interest in long-term sustainability of programs, insufficient funds, and little coordination across the different government agencies. This report provides a diagnostic analysis of the state of out-of-school youth in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the 12- to 24-year-old cohort. This report also examines the decision path youth take as they progress through the education system and the factors that explain youth's school and work choices. It finds that individual and household characteristics, social norms, and characteristics of the school system all matter in understanding why youth drop out and remain out of school. In particular, six key factors characterize out-of-school youth: (i) most out-of-school youth drop out before secondary school; (ii) early marriage for female youth and (iii) rural residence increase the likelihood of being out of school; (iv) parental education level and (v) the number of working adults are important household factors; and (vi) lack of school access and low educational quality are binding supply-side constraints. Policy discussions on out-of-school youth are framed by these six key factors along with three entry points for intervention: retention, remediation, and integration. This report also reviews policies and programs in place for out-of-school youth across the continent. Ultimately, this report aims to inform public discussion, policy formulation, and development practitioners' actions working with youth in Sub-Saharan Africa.