The focus of this report is upon information essential to the understanding of the toxic action of cadmium and the relationship between dose (exposure) and effects on human beings and animals. The therapy of cadmium poisoning has not been discussed.This review on cadmium in the environment has been performed under a contract between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Environmental Hygiene of the Karolinska Institute, Sweden. The report is intended to serve as a background paper for a future Air Quality Criteria document on cadmium. Therefore, particular attention has been given to information relevant for the evaluation of risks due to long-term exposure to low concentrations of cadmium. Acute effects from short-term exposure to high concentrations are dealt with briefly. In vitro studies without bearing on the main problem have not been dealt with.The report is not limited to effects from exposure via inhalation. Newly accessible information, showing that large populations may be exposed considerably via the oral route, can elucidate chronic effects of cadmium in general. Man and animals can be victims of secondary exposure through vehicles such as food and water which have been contaminated by cadmium in air.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.

Cadmium is widely dispersed in the environment. Human exposure to low levels occur as a result of natural processes as well as human activities such as mining, smelting, fossil fuel combustion and industrial use. Pollution of the general environment by cadmium has as yet only been related to the development of human disease in some special situations, such as itai-itai disease and renal dysfunction in Belgium and in China. However, the possibility of more widespread contamination and greater mobility of cadmium in the environment on the one hand and the advent of new data concerning the carcinogenicity of cadmium on the other, make this review of the "state of the art" in human risk identification and assessment timely. Recent studies on human exposure to cadmium metabolism and toxicology, renal dysfunction and related effects, and experimental and epidemiological evidence for carcinogenicity of cadmium are described.

People are increasingly concerned about potential environmental health hazards and often ask their physicians questions such as: "Is the tap water safe to drink?" "Is it safe to live near power lines?" Unfortunately, physicians often lack the information and training related to environmental health risks needed to answer such questions. This book discusses six competency based learning objectives for all medical school students, discusses the relevance of environmental health to specific courses and clerkships, and demonstrates how to integrate environmental health into the curriculum through published case studies, some of which are included in one of the book's three appendices. Also included is a guide on where to obtain additional information for treatment, referral, and follow-up for diseases with possible environmental and/or occupational origins.

Over forty years ago, concern was first focussed on cadmium contamination of soils, fertilisers and the food chain. Adverse effects on human health were first highlighted nearly 30 years ago in Japan with the outbreak of Itai-itai disease. Since then, substantial research data have accumulated for cadmium on chemistry in soils, additions to soils, uptake by plants, adverse effects on the soil biota and transfer through the food chain. However, this information has never been compiled into a single volume. This was the stimulus for the Kevin G. Tiller Memorial Symposium "Cadmium in Soils, Plants and the Food Chain", held at the University of California, Berkeley, in June 1997 as part of the Fourth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements. This symposium brought together leading scientists in the field of cadmium behaviour in soils and plants, to review the scientific data in the literature and highlight gaps in our current knowledge of the subject. This series of review papers are presented here and deal with the chemistry of cadmium in soils, the potential for transfer through the food chain and management to minimise this problem. We hope this information provides a sound scientific basis to assist development of policies and regulations for controlling cadmium in the soil environment.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the four metals that have been raising apprehension world-wide as environmental, agricultural and health hazards in recent decades. Cadmium accumulates in the soil naturally or through anthropogenic activities, such as mining, industrial waste disposal, use and disposal of batteries and sludges, and application of pesticides and fertilisers. Cadmium accumulation can result in severe deterioration of natural resources, disturbance of ecosystems, and deleterious effects on plants, animals and human health. In recent decades, the number of publications focused on cadmium toxicity in plants and animals has been growing exponentially, making this topic impossible to accommodate within the scope of a single volume. This book edited by Dr Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Dr Masayuki Fujita presents a collection of 16 chapters written by 67 experts from 19 countries working on cadmium toxicity. This volume provides the readers with a background for understanding cadmium toxicity, its environmental and health aspects, and its remediation mechanisms. Various chapters included in this book provide a state-of-the-art account of the information as a resourceful guide suited for scholars and researchers working in the field of cadmium. This book is a invaluable resource for plant biologists, agriculturists, toxicologists, biochemists, environmental scientists, physiologists, pharmacologists, geneticists, molecular biologists; as well as graduate students in these disciplines.

Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: From Physiology to Remediation presents a single research resource on the latest in cadmium toxicity and tolerance in plants. The book covers many important areas, including means of Cd reduction, from plant adaptation, including antioxidant defense, active excretion and chelation, to phytoextraction, rhizo filtration, phytodegradation, and much more. In addition, it explores important insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of Cd uptake and transport and presents options for improving resistance to Cd stresses. It will be ideal for both researchers and students working on cadmium pollution, plant responses and related fields of environmental contamination and toxicology. - Includes all aspects of cadmium toxicity and tolerance in plants - Provides a comprehensive overview of advances in cadmium toxicity, tolerance and adaptation in plants - Elaborates on the advancement of eco-friendly techniques for cadmium remediation from soil and water - Provides real-world, application focused techniques