The United States is being confronted by the liabilities of its strength. Competitors are finding avenues for threatening U.S. interests without triggering escalation. Their approaches lie in the contested arena between routine statecraft and open warfare—the "gray zone." The United States has yet to articulate a comprehensive approach to deterring competitors in the gray zone. A concrete and actionable campaign plan is needed to deal with the gray zone challenge; in order to do so, the United States must identify and employ a broad spectrum of tools and concepts to deter, and if needed, to compete and win contestations in the gray zone.

Geopolitical competition is increasingly playing out in the space beyond diplomacy and short of conventional war, sometimes referred to as the gray zone, which is forcing the United States to confront the liabilities of its strengths. This report assesses current U.S. government actions to deter, campaign through, and respond to competitors’ gray zone tactics. Using the campaign planning framework established in By Other Means Part I, it also provides recommendations aimed at ameliorating U.S. liabilities and building on its asymmetries to improve U.S. national security in the presence of rivals’ gray zone approaches.

Mia Jang's murder in the spring of 2008 didn't stand out as any less senseless than the other 522 homicides in New York City that year-not to the police who investigated the crime and not to the three people who witnessed it. But the tragic irony was that she had fallen victim to a botched robbery attempt, after only recently surviving being held hostage by international terrorists. Elke Braumann-an undercover German BND intelligence officer-had been crucial in rescuing Mia and her friends from those terrorists, bringing to a successful end her first mission, after nearly eight years under cover. With its completion, Elke had returned to her life at the BND and the new challenges it offered, completely unaware of Mia's untimely demise. It isn't until three years later, when Mia's name starts popping up in analyses of intercepted communications from the Chinese Government, that Elke starts to question Mia's fate, as well as her involvement in things she would have been better off leaving alone. In pursuit of the truth, Elke will have to reconnect with ghosts from her past as she tries to unravel international conspiracies connecting the unlikeliest of allies, from the Chinese Government and the CIA to her very own BND....

Policymakers and program managers are continually seeking ways to improve accountability in achieving an entity's mission. A key factor in improving accountability in achieving an entity's mission is to implement an effective internal control system. An effective internal control system helps an entity adapt to shifting environments, evolving demands, changing risks, and new priorities. As programs change and entities strive to improve operational processes and implement new technology, management continually evaluates its internal control system so that it is effective and updated when necessary. Section 3512 (c) and (d) of Title 31 of the United States Code (commonly known as the Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA)) requires the Comptroller General to issue standards for internal control in the federal government.