Pedestrian mobility and the regeneration of the European city centreSpatial Metro, a project largely funded by the EU, aims to make city visits more enjoyable for pedestrians by making cities easier to navigate, easier to walk around and easier to understand and appreciate.This is achieved in various ways, including illuminating characteristic buildings, providing 'metro style' maps as well as appropriate information and signposting for pedestrians and the application of GPS technology.Together with municipalities and universities, five cities (Norwich, Bristol, Rouen, Koblenz and Biel/Bienne) in North West Europe have carried out pilot studies and exchanged experiences. In this publication, their findings are shared with the reader.

A. to Z. Street Atlas of Reading, Henley-on-Thames, and Wokingham

The Green City and Social Injustice examines the recent urban environmental trajectory of 21 cities in Europe and North America over a 20-year period. It analyses the circumstances under which greening interventions can create a new set of inequalities for socially vulnerable residents while also failing to eliminate other environmental risks and impacts. Based on fieldwork in ten countries and on the analysis of core planning, policy and activist documents and data, the book offers a critical view of the growing green planning orthodoxy in the Global North. It highlights the entanglements of this tenet with neoliberal municipal policies including budget cuts for community initiatives, long-term green spaces and housing for the most fragile residents; and the focus on large-scale urban redevelopment and high-end real estate investment. It also discusses hopeful experiences from cities where urban greening has long been accompanied by social equity policies or managed by community groups organizing around environmental justice goals and strategies. The book examines how displacement and gentrification in the context of greening are not only physical but also socio-cultural, creating new forms of social erasure and trauma for vulnerable residents. Its breadth and diversity allow students, scholars and researchers to debunk the often-depoliticized branding and selling of green cities and reinsert core equity and justice issues into green city planning—a much-needed perspective. Building from this critical view, the book also shows how cities that prioritize equity in green access, in secure housing and in bold social policies can achieve both environmental and social gains for all.

A study of load planning in Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds and Leicester.

The process of urbanisation and suburbanisation in Britain from the Victorian period to the twentieth century.