Standard Arithmetic - Embracing a Complete Course for Schools and Academies is an unchanged, high-quality reprint of the original edition of 1895. Hansebooks is editor of the literature on different topic areas such as research and science, travel and expeditions, cooking and nutrition, medicine, and other genres. As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature. Many works of historical writers and scientists are available today as antiques only. Hansebooks newly publishes these books and contributes to the preservation of literature which has become rare and historical knowledge for the future.

This book is an introduction to modern cardinal arithmetic, developed in the frame of the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory together with the axiom of choice. It splits into three parts. Part one, which is contained in Chapter 1, describes the classical cardinal arithmetic due to Bernstein, Cantor, Hausdorff, Konig, and Tarski. The results were found in the years between 1870 and 1930. Part two, which is Chapter 2, characterizes the development of cardinal arith metic in the seventies, which was led by Galvin, Hajnal, and Silver. The third part, contained in Chapters 3 to 9, presents the fundamental investigations in pcf-theory which has been developed by S. Shelah to answer the questions left open in the seventies. All theorems presented in Chapter 3 and Chapters 5 to 9 are due to Shelah, unless otherwise stated. We are greatly indebted to all those set theorists whose work we have tried to expound. Concerning the literature we owe very much to S. Shelah's book [Sh5] and to the article by M. R. Burke and M. Magidor [BM] which also initiated our students' interest for Shelah's pcf-theory.

The book consists of thirty lectures on diverse topics, covering much of the mathematical landscape rather than focusing on one area. The reader will learn numerous results that often belong to neither the standard undergraduate nor graduate curriculum and will discover connections between classical and contemporary ideas in algebra, combinatorics, geometry, and topology. The reader's effort will be rewarded in seeing the harmony of each subject. The common thread in the selected subjects is their illustration of the unity and beauty of mathematics. Most lectures contain exercises, and solutions or answers are given to selected exercises. A special feature of the book is an abundance of drawings (more than four hundred), artwork by an accomplished artist, and about a hundred portraits of mathematicians. Almost every lecture contains surprises for even the seasoned researcher.