Crossing national borders, adds significantly to price dispersion. This study of prices in Japan and the United States finds that a susbstantial part of that border effect is attributable to distance, shipping costs, exchange rates, and relative variability in wages.

Follow-up to "The work of the UK Border Agency" (2nd report, session 2009-10, ISBN 9780215542465) and "The E-Borders programme" (3rd report, session 2009-10, HC 170, ISBN 9780215542854)

This publication presents two papers that address both trade facilitation and trade liberalization. The first paper, "Achieving the APEC Shanghai Objective: A Methodology to Benchmark and Quantify Trade Facilitation Efforts in Financial Terms", addresses several aspects of trade facilitation. First, it defines trade facilitation for the scope of benchmarking, quantifying, and translating into financial terms the efforts of trade facilitation in APEC. In this context, it addresses the challenge of matching available data to the complexity of what trade facilitation really means in practice and 'takes stock' of available proxies for trade facilitation effort. Then, it briefly discusses the path-breaking methodology of Wilson, Mann and Otsuki (2002) which considers how to create indicators of the different types of trade facilitation effort that are consistent and comparable among the APEC economies. The second paper, "Measuring the Impact of APEC Trade Facilitation: A Gravity Analysis", quantifies the benefits of trade facilitation against tariff reduction. In order to estimate the effect of trade facilitation on trade costs in APEC economies, the authors use the methodology of Wilson, Mann and Otsuki, but implement this methodology using data taken from survey results in APEC in 2002 and the Knowledge-Based Economy (KBE) indicators contained in the 2003 APEC Economic Outlook Report. Using these data, the chapter measures the net trade creation effect of trade facilitation among APEC economies using a gravity-model-based regression analysis. It is notable that similar results to the Wilson, Mann and Otsuki data are obtained, despite very different sources of raw inputs to the constructed trade facilitations indicators.

Strong women dominate these reminiscences: the grandmother taught the girl whose mother refused to let her go to school, and the life-changing events they witnessed range from the ravages of the influenza epidemic of 1918–20 and murder committed in a jealous rage to the abduction of a young woman by underground spirits who on her release grant her healing powers. A highly personal document, these memoirs are altogether exceptional in recounting the thoughts and feelings of a Cree woman as she copes with the challenges of reserve life but also, in a key chapter, with her loneliness while tending a relative’s children in a place far away from home – and, apparently just as debilitating, away from the company of other women. Her experiences and reactions throw fresh light on the lives lived by Plains Cree women on the Canadian prairies over much of the twentieth century. The late Sarah Whitecalf (1919–1991) spoke Cree exclusively, spending most of her life at Nakiwacîhk / Sweetgrass Reserve on the North Saskatchewan River. This is where Leonard Bloomfield was told his Sacred Stories of the Sweet Grass Cree in 1925 and where a decade later David Mandelbaum apprenticed himself to Kâ-miyokîsihkwêw / Fineday, the step-grandfather in whose family Sarah Whitecalf grew up. In presenting a Cree woman’s view of her world, the texts in this volume directly reflect the spoken word: Sarah Whitecalf’s memoirs are here printed in Cree exactly as she recorded them, with a close English translation on the facing page. They constitute an autobiography of great personal authority and rare authenticity.