Several measures and plans were considered and investigated during the reevaluation study to select a plan with the greatest NED benefit. Most plans were dropped from further consideration in the process because they lacked economic justification and did not warrant further investigation. The emphasis in this stage of planning is limited to an iteration of 11 structural alternatives. 7 non-structural alternatives, and selection of a recommended plan. Principal considerations in this effort were: the views of local interests, residents of the projects area and the local sponsors; development and presentation of additional and/or refined economic, environmental and engineering data; and preparation of the Environmental Impact Statement. The impacts of viable alternatives were then examined in comparative form to justify the Selected Plan. Plan E, the NED plan, is a combination of structural Plan B and nonstructural Plan C, having net benefits of 19,400 and a B/C ratio of 1.18 to 1. This plan could be implemented at total first cost of 1,387,900 January 1986 price levels and the cost includes all lands easements, and right-of-way at January 1986 price levels. (FR).

With a long history and deep connection to the Earth’s resources, indigenous peoples have an intimate understanding and ability to observe the impacts linked to climate change. Traditional ecological knowledge and tribal experience play a key role in developing future scientific solutions for adaptation to the impacts. The book explores climate-related issues for indigenous communities in the United States, including loss of traditional knowledge, forests and ecosystems, food security and traditional foods, as well as water, Arctic sea ice loss, permafrost thaw and relocation. The book also highlights how tribal communities and programs are responding to the changing environments. Fifty authors from tribal communities, academia, government agencies and NGOs contributed to the book. Previously published in Climatic Change, Volume 120, Issue 3, 2013.

"United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region"